Panoan languages

Panoan (also Pánoan, Panoano, Panoana, Páno) is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. It is a branch of the larger Pano–Tacanan family.

Family division

Panoan consists of some two dozen languages:

• Kaxararí (aka Kashararí) (Eastern Panoan)
• Kulino (aka Culino) (†)
• "Mainline" branch
  • Cashibo group (Western Panoan)
    • Nocamán (aka Nokamán, Nocomán) (†)
    • Cashibo (aka Cacataibo, Kashibo, Cashibo, Caxibo, Cacibo, Cachibo, Cahivo, Managua, Hagueti)
  • Pano group
    • Pánobo (aka Panobo, Manoa, Pelado) (†)
    • Huariapano (aka Pano, Waripano, Pana, Pelado) (†)
  • Shipibo group
    • Shipibo (aka Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo-Konibo)
    • Capanahua (aka Kapanawa)
    • Marubo (aka Marobo, Marúbo, Maruba, Marova, Kaniuá)
    • Waninnawa (aka Panoan Katukína, Catuquina, Kamanawa, Kamannaua, Katukina do Juruá, Katukina Pano)
    • Remo (aka Sakuya, Kukini, Rheno) (†)
    • Tuxinawa (aka Tushinawa, Tuxináwa, Tuchinaua) (†)
  • Tri-State group (aka Amawak–Jaminawa)
    • Amahuaca (aka Amawaka, Amaguaco, Ameuhaque, Ipitineri, Sayaco, Amawáka, Amawaca, Amenguaca, Sayacu)
    • Isconahua (aka Iscobakebo, Iskonawa, Iscobaquebu)
    • Cashinahua (aka Kashinawa, Kaxinawa, Tuxinawa, Kaxinawá, Kaxynawa, Caxinawa, Caxinawá, Cashinahuá, Kaxinauá)
    • Sharanawa (aka Marinahua, Mastanahua, Sharanahua, Acre Arara, Marináwa)
    • Yora (aka Yura, Yoranahua, Parquenahua, Manu Park Panoan, Nahua)
    • Yaminahua (aka Yaminawa, Jaminawá, Yuminahua, Yamanawa, Jaminawa)
    • Atsahuaca (aka Yamiaca, Atsawaka-Yamiaka) (†)
    • Parannawa (†)
    • Puinaua (aka Poyanawa, Poyanáwa, Poianáua, Puinahua) (†?)
    • Xipinahua (aka Shipinawa, Xipináwa, Shipinahua) (†)
• Bolivian branch (aka Southern Panoan)
  • Pacahuara (aka Pacaguara, Pakaguara, Pacawara)
  • Chácobo (aka Chákobo, incl. perhaps Shinabo)
• Shaninawa (aka Xaninaua)
• Sensi (aka Senti, Tenti, Mananahua) (†)
• Mayoruna–Matsés (aka Matsés, Mayoruna, Matse, Matís, Matis, Majoruna, Maxuruna, Majuruna, Mayiruna, Maxirona, Magirona, Mayuzuna) (Northern Panoan)

Kulino, Nocamán, Pánobo, Huariapano, Remo, Tuxinawa, Atsahuaca, Parannawa, Xipinahua, and Sensi have all become extinct.

Genetic relations

The Panoan family is related to the Tacanan family, which together comprise the Pano–Tacanan family. Some other languages reported in Campbell (1997: 190) have been associated with the Panoan family, but their relationship to Panoan is still undetermined:

• Panavarro
• Purus
• Arazaire
• Katukina Pano (= Yawanawa ?) (in Brazil)
• Maya (in Brazil)
• Morunahua (aka Morunawa) (in Peru)
• Nukuini (aka Nuquini) (in Brazil)
• Pisabo (aka Pisagua, Pisahua) (in Peru)
• Uru-eu (in Brazil)

For more information see Shell (1975: 14), Miglizza & Campbell (1988: 189-190), Rodrigues (1986: 77-81).

Ethnologue (2005) lists Waninnawa as an alternate name for Panoan Katukína, presumably the same language as Campbell's Katukina Pano. Nukuini is listed as an unclassified language within a South-Central Panoan branch. Pisabo is listed with 513 speakers (and not extinct) and is grouped with Mayoruna-Matsés on a Northern Panoan branch. Gordon (2005) also includes the following language as distinct from Katukina Pano/Panoan Katukína:

• Yawanawa (aka Iauanauá, Jawanaua, Yahuanahua) (in Brazil)

Ethnologue (2005) includes Shinabo as an extinct language that probably did not exist, the people may have been a sub-group of the Chácobo.

External links

• Ethnologue: Panoan
• Panoan (ethnicity) at the Open Directory Project
• Proel: Familia Panoana
• Pacahuara and Yaminahua dictionaries online from IDS (select simple or advanced browsing)

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América. Historia general de América (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia.
• Shell, Olive A. (1975). Las lenguas pano y su reconstrucción. Serie lingüística Peruana (No. 12). Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.