| Palaeomerycidae Temporal range: Eocene–Miocene |
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|---|---|
| Cranioceras skinneri skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Suborder: | Ruminantia |
| Family: | †Palaeomerycidae Frick, 1937 |
Palaeomerycidae is an extinct family of ruminants (thus being even-toed ungulates of order Artiodactyla), probably ancestral to deer and musk deer. They lived in North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia from the Eocene to Miocene epoch 55.8 to 5.3 Ma, existing for approximately 50.5 million years.[1]
The oldest specimens are of Amphitragulus and found in Aragon, Spain, Ronheim, Germany, and Kazakstan estimated at 55.8—23.03 Ma.[2] Barbouromeryx was discovered in Scotts Bluff, Nebraska and estimated at 23.03 million years.[3] Palaeomerycidae continued to live in the Old World with fossils of Lagomeryx and Palaeomeryx feignouxi recovered in Germany and Slovakia from the Middle Eocene. In North America Cranioceras and other Dromomerycinae continued to live until the Late Miocene.
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Palaeomerycids were a group of horned, long-legged, heavy, and massive ruminants that could attain a weight of 350 to 500 kg (770 to 1,100 lb).
One of the first known members of this group, the Palaeomeryx, was thought to be a hornless form distantly related to the Giraffids before paleontologist Miguel Crusafont found remains of the Triceromeryx in Middle Miocene Spain. This Palaeomeryx-like form carried two ossicones over its orbits that were strait and short, similar to those of true Giraffids. However, the most striking feature of the Triceromeryx was the third, Y-shaped appendage that prolonged the occipital bone at the back of the skull. Discoveries during the 1980s and 1990s has shown a surprising variety in these occipital appendages.
Ampelomeryx, a genus of Palaeomerycids found at the early Miocen site of Els Casots, Valles-Penedes Basin, Spain, had a three-horned system of appendages similar to those of Triceromeryx. These appendages were, however, quite different with the paired appendages extending laterally over the orbits flat and wide forming an eye-shade, while the third spectacular posterior appendage was about 20 cm (7.9 in) long.
Another species of Triceromeryx, T. conquensis found in La Retama in Spain, showed an even more spectacular appendage — instead of a Y-shaped structure its posterior appendage was T-shaped with the lateral branches expanding toward the front.
In primitive members of the group (e.g. Ampelomeryx) this appendage was a posterior expansion of the occipital bone lying close to the powerful muscles supporting the skull in a normal position, thus suggesting that this appendage were actually used for fighting between males during the breeding season. The reduced shapes of the flat and laterally oriented appendages of later species suggests these were not used in active fighting, instead forming a function of passive display.
The limbs were more similar to those of modern large bovids (e.g. Buffaloes) than to those of okapis. They probably lived in boggy forests living on soft leaves and aquatic plants (as hinted to by the brachydont teeth similar to those of primitive Giraffids).
As a group, the Palaeomerycids appear to have formed a successful part of an independent radiation of horned ruminants that diversified into a variety of forms during the early to middle Miocene, with a geographic range reaching from Spain to China. The giraffids seem to have originated from in Asia south of the Alpine belt while the cervoids seem to have originated north of the Alpine belt.
Palaeomerycidae was named by Lydekker (1883). Its type is Palaeomeryx. It was assigned to Artiodactyla by Hulbert and Whitmore (2006); and to Cervoidea by Carroll (1988), Sach and Heizmann (2001) and Prothero and Liter (2007).[5][6]