| Total population |
|---|
| 60 million |
| Regions with significant populations |
| • India |
| Languages |
| Religion |
Hinduism, Kuruvanshi Kshatriya |
Pal or Pala is the name of a Kshatriya Clan. As the name suggests its power, Pal means Protector. Pala Dynasty is also supposed to originate from this ethnic group.[1][2][3][4] This word was in evidence ranging from the Pala Dynasty of Bengal to those of Pallavas of South India.
The "Ain-i-Akbari" describes them as being a proud, refractory and domineering race of Rajputs, living in the Basim Sircar and, with numerous armed forces, occupying the forts and controlling the surrounding districts.[5][6][7] Their original home is said to be Gokul Vrindavan near Mathura. From Gokul they are said to be moved to Mewar and from Mewar to have spread into Gujarat and Maharashtra.[8][9]
During the period, when India was attacked by foreign tribes like Sakas / Scythians शक, White Huns श्वेत हुण, Ionian / Yavans Indo-Greeks यवन, Pahlavas-Persians, Kushan कुषाण and other, due to bad circumstances, a group of Kshatriya (mostly Chandravanshi) went to forests. They scattered here and there.
In order to re-organize all the scattered Kshatriya a Hindu Maha Sammelan was held in 1911 in Jaipur. Consequently, two Mahasabha were established.
This was reaffirmed, confirmed and declared in 1933 in the conference of Hindu Mahasabha which was held at Ajmer.
Because Chandravanshi were further divided into two groups one is Kuruvanshi and another is Yaduvanshi. Commonly, Pal and Yadavs are known as Chandravanshi Kshatriya.
They are also known as Pal Kshatriya, Pali Rajput, Rajpal or Rajpai, Rajpali, Baghel in Northern part of country. In certain districts of Haryana and Rajasthan, they referred to as Maratha Rajput ( Maratha / Mahratta:Singular or Marathe / Mahratte:Plural derived from the word Barhatta or Barhatti, i.e. Hatkar / Holkar )
A well known title for Rajputs was: Rajpali / Rajpai. Some believe it be a race, under the names of Rajpalika or simply Pala, and is mentioned by many genealogists, especially those of the Saurashtra, to which in all probability it was confined. This tends to make it Scythian in origin- a conclusion strengthened by the derivation of the name, meaning Royal Shepherd; it was probably a branch of the ancient Pali. Some think that this was not a race but honorific title for Rajputs.
They also call themselves Nikhar which is corrupted form of Nayak / Naik or Nayakar / Naiker, means Commandant (नायक). As in case of Holkar Maratha of Indore, they also call themselves as Assal / Asali Dhangar. How the word Nikhar came in existence, there are two theories:
During the sixth and fifth centuries, when Buddism was on rise in India many Kshatriya converted to Buddhism, Later in the 8th century, Adi Shankaracharya gave the call for purification. Meanwhile differences arose between the Hinayana (हीनयान) and Mahayana (महायान) Buddhists. Consequently, those who took to Buddhism rejoined the Hindu faith.
They are also called GadhArya or GaDri / GaDeri. It is believed, since they were Custodian or Defender of Fort, they are called GadhArya गढ़-आर्य (Gadha from Hindi: गढ़ Fort + Arya from Hindi: आर्य Custodian).
Other belief is, in Sanskrit GaDri / GaDeri (गड+अरि = गाडरी or गडेरी) means Destroyer of Security or Fence (GaDa from Sanskrit: गड Security or Fence + Ari from Sanskrit: अरि Enemy); they must have been Spearheading of attack to destroy security / fence of enemy in the Battle.
Founder of the Pal or Panwar dynasty – of which the present raja is the 61st descendant—was Kanak Pal, who came to Uttarakhand in the 9th century AD, possibly from Maharashtra. He married the daughter of Bhanu Pratap, a chieftain of Chandpur Garhi, and thus himself became the chieftain at this fortress town.
It was Raja Ajay Pal, Kanak Pal’s 37th descendant, who established the supremacy of the Panwars after defeating the 52 chieftains who existed in Garhwal, in the early 16th century AD. He shifted from Chandpur Garhi first to Dewalgarh and then to his new capital, Srinagar. In time, the rulers of Garhwal consolidated the power and size of their kingdom. In fact, Garhwal was an independent kingdom on which the mighty Mughals of Delhi had neither influence nor supremacy. The suffix ‘Pal’ was changed to ‘Shah’ some time in the 17th century.
In 1803, Garhwal was over-run by the Gorkhas and the then king, Raja Pradyuman Shah, lost both his life and his kingdom to them. It was Raja Sudarshan Shah who, after wresting his kingdom back from the Gorkhas after 12 years with the help of the British, shifted the capital of the Tehri Riyasat to Tehri in 1815.
However, the court fortune-teller and pandit foresaw doom for the city (a prophesy that did come true as Tehri no longer exits) and urged Raja Narendra Shah, Raja Sudarshan Shah’s successor and the 59th ruler of the dynasty, to shift his capital. Following his court’s advice, Raja Narendra Shah made the new town of Narendra Nagar his capital in 1919. The town is named after its founding father Narendra Shah. Another reason he may have moved is that, for several generations, the ruler of the Shah Dynasty always died before the age of 30. He felt that he might avoid the same fate by moving his capital. Some say that he was advised by a doctor to move from Tehri for health reason. One more reason that is cited for shifting the capital is that Narendra Shah wanted to set an example in putting an end to the Prabhu Seva tradition. When the royal family moved from Tehri to Dehradun for the winter, the luggage was carried over the long distance by people caught in this unpleasant tradition. It was felt that Narendra Nagar’s proximity to Dehradun would help this cause.
The small town of Odathali in the Lower Himalayas was chosen as the site for Narendra Nagar because of its scenic beauty and its proximity to the plains of north India. Between 1919 and 1936, the town continued to grow. Residential and government buildings were added. Raja Narendra Shah also has the Rishikesh-Narendra Nagar-Tehri and the Rishikesh-Devprayag-Kirtinagar roads constructed.
The neat layout of this erstwhile royal township is in evidence even today. Some of the buildings such as the hospital and the secretariat are still in use. The bazaar buildings too were built in 1919. They earlier housed the king’s staff – the ground floor was used to tether horses while the first floor was used for staff quarters.
In the early 1900s, Narendra Nagar was a popular destination for the British rulers of the time. The Palace 'Annexe' was added to the original palace building in 1910 to house Lord Linlithgow, the then Viceroy of India, and his entourage who visited Narendra Nagar fairly often. Over the years, the Palace has also hosted many distinguished guests—Late Lal Bahadur Shastri and Late Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Ministers of India, and spiritual leaders such as Ma Anandmayi and Swami Shivananda as well as the last British Viceroy of India—Lord Louis Mountbatten. The Palace Annexe is now home to the resort Ananda in the Himalayas.
The late Raja Manavendra Shah took over the reins of Tehri-Garhwal from his father Raja Narendra Shah who abdicated due to poor health in 1946. The province was eventually merged with the territory of Uttar Pradesh shortly after India gained her independence.
For four decades, the town remained the headquarters of District Tehri-Garhwal till, in 1989, New Tehri became the headquarters.
Villages: 34 Revenue: 40,000Rs Accession date: State: Gujarat (Sabarkantha Distt.) Dynasty: Rathore Religion: Hindu
Present Ruler:
Rao Shri Raghuvirsingh, 15th Jagirdar of Pal Jagir (1978/-) born 9 November 1931, married at Thikana Lakaroda (Gujarat) and has issue.
Predecessors:
Raja Jaichand of Kannauj was father of Soningji Rao, First Rathore ruler of Idar about 1257 AD. His descendant was Rao Bhawani fl. 1406, father of Rao Sujoji, living in the middle of the 15th century, he defeated Palli Bhill and became the 1st Jagirdar of Pal.
Rulers were...
The Term haveli describes the traditional Indian mansion or Courtyard house, a large Family residence built around one or several Central Courtyard, with external walls rising directly against public streets.
Pal Haveli, located centrally in front of the clock Tower on the main street in Jodhpur, Rajasthan was built by Thakur of Pal Clan in 1847. The house has been inhabited by the Nobel family for more than 150 years. Pal haveli has Fascinated western guests since 1887, when Edwin Lord Weeks Sketched the Pal's Thakur Residence for Harper's Magazines. Now Pal's Haveli welcome another generation of honored guests to Pal Haveli.
On the northern fringe of the present day Uttar Pradesh province of India, at the Indo-Nepal, Indo-Tibetan border, there was a small state called Askote. This state had been created and owned by a splintered branch of Katyuri kings in the 13th century AD. A well-written history of the Katyuri kings and their empire is not available. However, in 1875, E.T. Atkinson was appointed by the British government to prepare a detailed district-wise report on the then northwestern province of British India. According to him the Katyuri Empire once extended in the east from Bhagalpur, district Bihar (in India) to Kabul (in Afghanistan) in the west. According to a legend prevalent in the Pal family of Askote and as recorded by Atkinson, one Shaliwahan Dev had gone to the Himalayas from Ayodhya and settled in Joshimath, near Badrinath (Garhwal). One of his descendants, Basu Dev, once went out for hunting and upon returning to his residence found a man sleeping in his bed. Enraged by his insolence, regional wars and revolutions, which led to destruction and burning of villages houses and old documents. Atkinson personally met with Pushkar Pal, Rajwar of Askote in 1871, who gave him details about his dynasty and the family history, including the genealogy. Based upon this information and some available copper plate inscriptions, Atkinson wrote about the Askote family in the Himalayan Gazetteer.
There are not many Khshatriya (Rajput) dynasties in India that can claim as long a genealogy as that of the Pal family of Askote. This fact has been recognized for hundreds of years and that is why the Pals have enjoyed respect and security. The Chand, Gorkhas and the British rulers who occupied the area from time to time had traditionally recognized the uniqueness of the Pal family as an historically important clan. The Pals have been traditionally awarded a very respectable status and exclusivity by all the conquerors of the region. They are the descendants of the Katyuri royal family.
The importance of the Askote state and its Pal rulers did not come from power or wealth. When Abhay Pal migrated to the area in 1279 AD, it was mostly a forest with a probable population of a few hundred individuals. In 1881 AD, 600 years later, the total population of this state was only 5879.
The lifestyle during those days was altogether different. Earlier land revenue used to be collected only in kind, which was a third of the farmers' total produce. It was called "Sirti" and the farmer was termed "Sirtan." The subjects were required, in addition, to provide free food and transport to the Rajwas and his entourage, while he toured his state. Petty fines imposed on the offenders were also a source of income. There were very few crimes or litigations hence revenues from the judiciary sector were meagre.
The Rajwars usually had several wives, plus servants, maids, followers, sycophants and hangers-on. Resources were supplemented by cultivating personal farms and animal stock. Thus the life of the Pal family in the Middle Ages was simple and pristine. There was, presumably, no outside impact or interference until the later part of the 16th century.
In 1681, an officer of the Raja of Almora subjugated the adjacent rulers of this part of India, including Askote state. During the last decades of the 18th century the Gorkha rulers of Nepal invaded their western neighbours of India and subjugated the rulers of the hill states up to Kangra (now in Hamanchal Pradesh). They did not interfere with Askote state except that they increased the royalty from Rupees 400 previously fixed by Chand Rajas, to Rupees 2000.
During 1814–1815, a war broke out between the British rulers of India and the Nepalese Gurkha rulers, which led to several pitched battles fought between the hills of Kumaon and Garhwal. The Gurkhas were finally defeated and forced to give up all the area west of the Kali River, which runs adjacent to Askote. In accordance with the Sighauli treaty of 1816 all of that area, including Askote, became part of the British Empire. When India attained independence, Askote became part of independent India.
Rajwar Pushkar Pal informed historian E.T. Atkinson in 1871 that he was in the 221st generation from Uttanpad, the younger son of Manu, who had written the well-known Hindu book, Manusmriti. Rajwar Pushkar Pal received a very rudimentary education since there were no facilities for higher education in the proximity of Askote at that time. The genealogical table provided by Pushkar Pal appears to have been prepared from remembrances passed down from generation to generation. Systematic documentation was not customary in those days. Momentous dates, key names and events were committed to memory and subsequently passed on to the younger members of the family to memorize and reciprocate. Unfortunately, several discrepancies I=exist in the genealogical table. For instance, Rajwar Pushkar Pal is indicated as the 104th generation from Shaliwahan Dev, the founder of Katyuri dynasty. Abhay Pal Dev of the 49th generation is reported to have migrated to the Askote region in 1279 AD.
A generation could be considered to last 25 years, considering a relatively short life span of the heirs at that time. Thus, between 1279 AD and 1882 AD, about 600 years, there could not have been more than 24 generations. If the serial numbers shown in the genealogy are correct, there were 56 generations during this 600-year period. On the other hand, Pushkar Pal told Atkinson that he was the 221st generation from Uttanpad and 104 from Shalivahan Dev to Pushkar Pal. Calculations based on 25 years for each generation indicate that the time of Uttanpad comes to be around 5500 years, and of Shalivahan Dev to be about 2600 years from that of Pushkar Pal. If this theory were correct, there would be only 48 generations within 2000 years, as against 56 generations within 600 years. I procured a copy of the genealogical table from the present Rajwar Tikendra Bahadur Pal. This document bears no names of Rajas from the serial number 54th to the 80th generation. I believe that these missing 27 Rajas were prior to Abhay Pal and not after him.
It is obvious that the genealogy before Abhay Pal is inaccurate. This also explains why the Katyuri kings, who are inscribed on the copper plates, are missing in the genealogy table. This confirms the earlier conclusion that the genealogical table seems to have been prepared from remembrances passed on successively to the young ones by the elders. It is easy to remember the number of generations but not quite precisely hundreds of names of the forefathers.
Furthermore, according to the Hindu religion every highborn male is required to pay homage to his ancestors once a year I a ceremony called "Shradha," which is at the death anniversary and during a fixed period of a fortnight, every year. On this occasion one has to remember the names of three deceased immediate ancestors on the father and the mother's side, and make ritual offerings. Thus it was not impossible to remember the number of generations. It may be plausible that there were only 29 generations from Abhay Pal to Pushkar Pal, 104 generations from Shalivahan Dev and 221 from Uttanpad. Abhay Pal must have been in the 76th generation from Shalivahan Dev and not in the 49th generation. A thorough research is needed in this area to authenticate the exact dates and names that existed in the Uttarakhand part of the Himalayas for several centuries.
The name Pal does not indicate a particular dynasty. It is a surname adopted by this branch of the Katyuri dynasty after its separation from the main stream. Its members call themselves "Suryavanshi" Kshatriya of Saunak Gotra (followers of the sage Saunak). They worship all the deities of the Hindu pantheon especially Shiva or Mahadev. It remains to be seen how long this clan will retain and maintain its unique identity. The future depends on the will and determination of the living members of the Pal family.
ABHAY PAL (76th generation from Shalivahan Dev) 76 37 Nirbhay Pal 77 38 Bharat Pal 78 39 Bhairon Pal 79 40 Bhu Pal 80 41 Ratan Pal 81 42 Shankha Pal 82 43 Shyam Pal 83 44 Sai Pal 84 45 Surjan Pal 85 46 Bhoj Pal 86 47 Bharat Pal 87 48 Stuti Pal 88 49 Achhav Pal 89 50 Trilook Pal 90 51 Surya Pal 91 52 Jagat Pal 92 53 Praja Pal 93 54 Rai Pal 94 55 Mahendra Pal 95 56 Jait Pal 96 57 Birbal Pal 97 58 Amar Pal 98 59 Abhay Pal 99 60
The Holkar Dynasty (Marathi: होळकर घराणे), was founded by Malhar Rao, who joined the service of the Peshwa in 1721, and quickly rose to the ranks of Subedar. He and his descendants ruled as Rajas and later Maharajas of Indaur (better known as Indore) in Central India as an independent member of the Maratha Confederacy until 1818, and afterwards as a princely state -under protectorate- of British India with a 19-guns salute (21 guns locally; a rare high rank) until India's independence, when the state acceded to the Indian government.
They are one of the prestigious Maratha Dynasties whose name became associated with the title of the ruler, which was generally known as Maharaja Holkar or Holkar Maharaja, while the official full title was Maharajadhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Sawai Shri 'personal name' Holkar Bahadur, Maharaja of Indore, with the colonial style of His Highness.
The Great Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar was the first freedom fighter who made an army, in 1803, mostly consisting Dhangar's to fight with the British and to drive them out of India single-handedly.
He built a factory to manufacture tanks. He appealed to the rest of the Kings of India and said,
| “ | First Country and then Religion. We will have to rise above caste, religion and our states in the interest of our country. You too must wage a war against the British like me | ” |
. His appeal fell on deaf ears as all of them had already signed treaties with the British.
The Dhangar's took part in the revolt of 1857. Many of them were hanged till death in Berar (M.P.). The Bristish were so much afraid of Dhangar's that they made a law banning purchase of land by Dhangar's stating a reason that they were not Kunbis (Agriculturists). Since then they have been oppressed in all spheres of life, they were never allowed to come forward.
He was the only King in India to whom the British approached to sign a peace treaty. Initially he refused to sign any treaty with the British but when he saw that rest of the Kings were not ready to unite and were interested in personal benefits he was the last to sign a treaty with the British on 24 December 1805 at Rajghat. He didn't accept any condition which would affect his self respect.
Maharaja Yashwant-Rao Holkar was a gifted military leader. If the Battle of Assaye was Wellesley's first major success, and one that he always held in the highest estimation as his finest battle, surpassing even his victory at the Battle of Waterloo, then the victory at the Battle of Bharatpur undoubtedly makes Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar the Napoleon of India.
Punyashlok Rajmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar (Marathi: देवी अहिल्याबाई होळकर) (31 May 1725-13 August 1795) (ruled 11 December 1767- 13 August 1795) also known as the Philosopher Queen was a Holkar dynasty Queen of the Malwa kingdom, India. She is often compared with Catherine II of Russia, Elizabeth I of England, Margaret I of Denmark.[11] Ahilyabai was born in the village of Chaundi in Jamkhed, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. She moved the capital to Maheshwar south of Indore on the Narmada River.
Rani Ahilyabai was a great builder and patron of many Hindu temples which embellished Maheshwar and Indore. She also built temples and Dharmshala (free lodging) at sacred sites outside her kingdom, at prominent religious places like Dwarka in Gujarat east to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple at Varanasi on the Ganges, Ujjain, Nasik and Parali Baijnath in Maharashtra. Seeing the destroyed and desecrated temple in Somanath, Rani Ahilyabai built a temple where Lord Shiva is still worshipped by Hindus.
Vijayanagara Empire, 1446–1520 CE
Vijayanagara Empire was founded by the brothers of Sangama Dynasty, Harihara I ( also called Vira Harihara or Hakka Raya ) and Bukka Raya I, they were son of Bhavana Sangama. This is stated in inscriptions that they were from the Kuruba clan.
Some Historian claims that they were Generals (Commandant – सेनानायक) in the Kakatiya Empire that ended up forming their own empire (Sangama Dynasty), Some other claims, they were of the five sons of the Hoysala King, another theory claims they were northern officials of the Mughal Empire sent to administer the territory for them but ended up declaring their independence under the influence of a Hindu sage.
Most reliable historians believe they are originally from Karnataka and from the Kuruba clan. The Vijayanagara Empire was founded as the last bastion of Hinduism against Islamic oppression from Tughlaq rule in the Deccan, lasting for more than two centuries as the dominant power in South India.
Sangolli Rayanna (Kannada ಸಂಗೊಳ್ಳಿ ರಾಯಣ್ಣ ) (B: 15-Aug-1798 – D: 26-Jan-1831) was a prominent freedom fighter from Karnataka, India. He fought the British till his death. He was the Army Chief / Commandant of the Kingdom of Kittur ruled at the time by Rani Chennamma.
Sangolli Rayanna continued to fight the British. His land was confiscated, and of what remained of it was heavily taxed. He taxed the landlords and built up an army from the masses. He used guerrilla tactics to attack government property; burnt land records and extracted huge sums of money from notorious landlords and bureaucrats. Rayanna is considered by many historians as the pioneer of guerrilla warfare in India. He continued this warfare till 1829.
The landlords along with the British forced his father-in-law Laxman to cheat Rayanna. When Rayanna was having a bath in a stream near Dori Benachi, the British soldiers attacked, at that moment Rayanna's sword was in Laxman's hand. When Rayanna asked for his sword, Laxman gave it to British soldiers. Rayanna was overpowered and captured. Thus, he was captured by treachery. Rayanna wsd executed by hanging to death from a Banyan tree about 4 kilometers from Nandagad in Belgaum district. At the time of hanging he said "My last wish is to be born again in the country to fight against the British and drive them away from our sacred soil".
The following is the list of Clans/Kulas.[12]
Bana, Baniya, Nihaliya, Kadiwal, Kathuliya, Pathariya, Dandimar, Sude
pal, baghel, sorha
Bargujar, Sikarwar, Raghuvanshi, Sonchiraiya
Chauhan, Bhadiriya, Pawaya (Parwiya), Gujela (Gajayala), Sapaha (Spah, Sapha, Sarpatha), Harine (Hiranwal, Hiranwar, Hinwar)
Chandel, Guhiya, Chandiya, Rai, Bhesedewale, Manikiwake, Chandaliya
Dhakeriya
Dikshit, Brahamaniya (Bamaniya, Bamania), Surya (Suriya, Siriya, Sheriya), Bhindawar
Gahlot, Nandoliya (Nandoriya, Nadouda), Shishodiya ( Sisodiya), Mongaliya, Bachaliya (Bachriya), Kuchela (Kachela)
Harine (Hiranwal, Hiranwar, Bade, Hinwar, Kharsela, Chalangiya, Shorampuriya, Kalpacha
Kachawa (Kachawahe, Kachawaha), Vikaliya (Bakaliya)
Maurya (Mauri), Mura
Parihar, Padiyar, Padriya
Parmar (Ponwar), Rehar (Riyar), Kuwar (Kunwar), Kokende (Kokande), Raraha (Rarha), Sagar
Panwar (Pawar)
Raikwar (Rainkwar)
Rathod (Rathore), Mohaniya, Phulasunga (Fulsungha), Chiroliya
Sengar
Sikarwal, Sikarwar, Shikarwal
Sisodiya
Solankhi (Solanki), Bamniya
Tomar, Thanmbar, Kourwa (Kourav, Kourava), Shishupal (Shirshawal, Sirsawal, Shirswar), Kasturi (Kasturiya)
Yadav, Tomar (Tanmar), Ahir
Becholia, Katrya, Rotella/Rautele, Nigote, Padariya, Pindwar/Pandwar, Rana Surah Kul Gotra – Kshatriya www.palbaghel.com
About 1 crore peoples belongs to Pal, Baghel (GaDharya / Dhangar) community in India.
| Sagarika Ghatge | |
|---|---|
| Devi Ahilyabai Holkar international Airport देवी अहिल्या बाई होलकर अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विमानतल |
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| IATA: none – ICAO: none | |||
| Summary |
| Yashwant Rao Holkar | |
|---|---|
| Marathi | यशवंतराव होळकर |
| King Porus | |
|---|---|
| King of Paurava and dominions extending to Hyphasis. | |
King Porus fighting Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes River. An early 18th-century Russian lubok. |
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| Royal House | Paurava Puru Dynasty[37][38] |
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