PICAXE is the name of a UK-sourced microcontroller system based on a range of Microchip PICs. There are 13 PICAXE variants of differing pin counts from 8 to 40 pins. Initially marketed for use in education and by electronics hobbyists, they are also used in commercial and technical fields, including rapid prototype development. All use pre-loaded factory bootstrap interpretation code to allow user generated programs to be downloaded using a simple USB or RS-232 serial connection.
Based upon a variety of Microchip PICs, the chips come in a number of DIP footprints, from an 8-pin, 128-byte program capacity device through to 28 pin and 40-pin, 16k-byte (as 4 x 4kB slot) program capacity devices. With their DIP footprint they are suited for use with solderless breadboards and more traditional PCB designs, although surface mount versions are available.
The new 8-pin PICAXE-08M2 is priced below GB£2[1] and is often chosen as an entry-level option as it lends itself to easy prototyping.
The current recommended parts, as of 1 July 2011, are 08M2, 14M2, 18M2, 20M2, 28X1, 40X1, 20X2, 28X2, 40X2.
The 28, 28A, 28X and 40X have been discontinued as they have been superseded by the X1 parts. The 18 and 18A, 18M and 18X have been discontinued as they have been superseded by the 18M2. The 08M and 18X, are still available but are not recommended for new designs.
All current devices use an internal default 4/8 MHz clock speed and hence require few components to create a basic hardware platform. The M2 parts can operate with internal resonators up to 32 MHz. The X1 and X2 parts have the ability to operate from 31 kHz to 8 MHz in 7 steps using internal low frequency oscillators in addition to the internal resonator. The 20X2 can operate up to 64 MHz with the internal resonator. The X1 and X2 parts can also use an external resonator for up to 20 MHz (X1 parts) and up to 64 MHz for the X2 parts.
In 1999 Microchip announced a new type of chip, the PIC16F872, that could also be reprogrammed at 5V instead of 12V. So the idea of the PICAXE was born - if you no longer need a 12V signal for programming you no longer need a special programmer - a simple serial cable would do (as long as the chip has been preprogrammed with a bootstrap code that can accept incoming serial commands). The cheapest serial cables with 3 signals that could be bought at the time were cables actually designed for early digital cameras, ending with a 3.5mm jack socket.
Below are the release dates of various PICAXE chips in chronological order:
Release Date - PICAXE
Rev Ed has released a new M2 series of chips. The 18M2 was the first to be released on 12 August 2010. The 08M2, 14M2 and 20M2 were released on 1 July 2011.
Features of the 18M2 include:
- so as an example the 08M2 gives 8x the memory capacity of the older 08M for approx the same cost as the older 08M.
All current devices require nothing more than the connection of power and configuration of the Serial In pin used for downloading.
The 18, 28 and 40-pin devices (but not the 18M2) requires a pull-up resistor from the Reset pin. The early PICAXE 28 and 40X chips require the connection of a resonator or crystal.
Power supply voltages are very flexible allowing operation from batteries or regulated power supplies. Most of the PICAXE range is nominally 4.5 Vdc to 5 Vdc but can operate down to approximately 3 Vdc. The newer M2 and X2 ranges can operate over the supply range of 1.8 Vdc to 5.0 Vdc.
There are a number of commands (SLEEP, NAP, HIBERNATE, DOZE) to put the device into low power operating modes in order to conserve power and extend operational lifetime when powered by batteries.
Many of the variants have controllable clocks, allowing for operation below their nominal operating frequencies, to achieve minimal lower power consumption. Execution speed can be controlled by the user program.
All devices contain non-volatile data memory which allows data to be stored and recovered when power is removed. Access to the non-volatile data memory is through the use of the READ and WRITE commands and, on the 28A, the READMEM and WRITEMEM commands can also be used.
The amount of non-volatile data memory available depends upon the device:
Superseded parts: (some e.g. M and 18X) still available
• PICAXE-28X2-5V PIC18F2520 Superseded by 28X2 wide supply range • PICAXE-28X2-3V PIC18F25K20 Superseded by 28X2 wide supply range • PICAXE-40X PIC16F874A Superseded by 40X1 • PICAXE-40X2-5V PIC18F4520 Superseded by 40X2 wide supply range • PICAXE-40X2-3V PIC18F45K20 Superseded by 40X2 wide supply range
Note that the M2 PICAXE parts are a new custom part factory manufactured by Microchip Inc. for Revolution Education and so is factory engraved with the full PICAXE name as indicated above. This was done primarily to avoid confusion in educational environments.
All programming development is done using the Programming Editor or the AXEpad editor. These are both free software downloads supporting the entire development process from source code editing to program downloading. Microsoft (Windows 98 and later), Linux and Macintosh operating systems are supported. Historically a serial port was required to download programs, however a USB download cable is now available from the developers. The cable incorporates a USB-serial adapter moulded into its plug, eliminating the need for a separate adapter for users of modern USB-only PCs.
The Programming Editor and AXEpad also include a number of Wizards which aid in program and project development.
Editing can be done in plain text or RTF with color syntax highlighting. Source code can be created outside the Programming Editor and imported for downloading. Programs can be created in a Basic-like language or by using a visual flowcharting tool. The Programming Editor also supports PICmicro Assembly Language programming.
The Programming Editor software includes a comprehensive line by line on-screen simulation of the BASIC program. This enables users to step through the program on-screen, to watch the program in operation, and help identify any programming errors.
This Wizard is used to create TUNE commands which can be used with the 08M, 14M, 18M, 20M, 28X1 and 40X1. The Wizard includes the ability to import suitable mobile telephone ring tones and convert them to appropriate TUNE commands.
This Wizard provides a visual means to create custom defined characters to be used with serial LCD displays. The desired character is specified by selecting pixels which will be displayed on a 7x5 grid and the necessary command to program that character within the LCD is generated.
This Wizard is used to generate datalogging programs.
There is a Datalogger sub-wizard to take the current PC time and create a small program to set the time in a DS1307 (or compatible) RTC. The wizard will then download to the PICAXE chip and run the program. While ostensibly for the AXE110 datalogger this will also work with other i2c enabled PICAXE chips.
This Wizard allows the configuration of MaxStream XBee (ZigBee) modules to be configured for use.
This Wizard allows configuration of the PICAXE.net Web Server product. The Wizard provides the ability to create and upload page images and to upgrade the web server firmware.
The programming language is BASIC-like and very similar to that used by the Basic Stamp 1 (BS1). Most programs written for the BS1 should be easily convertible for use. The most notable difference is that the BS1's POT command has been replaced by the READADC command which allows an analogue voltage to be read directly. READADC10 allows analogue inputs to be read to 10-bit resolution.
The programming language includes high-level support for underlying processor capabilities and additional functionality for various devices. All variants support a common core programming command set but not all support all commands.
The programming language provides 14 byte variables on smaller PICAXE chips, 28 byte variables for X1 and M2 parts and 56 byte variables for the latest X2 parts through the Programming Editor. This memory can be manipulated in measures of bits (as bit0-15 for smaller parts at bit0-31 for larger parts), bytes (b0-b13, b27 or b55), and 16-bit words (w0-6, w0-13 and w0-27). The bit, byte, and word variables all overlap in the same memory area. Every two byte variables overlap with a word variable, so b0 & b1 make up w0 (where b1 is the most significant byte), likewise b2 & b3 compose w1 (where b3 is the most significant byte), and so on. The bit values bit0 to bit7 overlap b0, and bit8 to bit15 overlap b1, etc. (which also covers w0). This can be used to carve apart variables, or simply make the most efficient use of the limited memory given.
Variables can be given meaningful names (aliases) for use within a program through use of the SYMBOL directive. The SYMBOL directive can also be used to create named constants.
In addition to the pre-defined variables, all but the 08 have access to the some of the internal SFR (Special Function Registers) and General Purpose Registers of the PICmicro they are based upon, allowing many of the unused Registers to be used as Random Access Memory (RAM) during execution. This can be used for temporary storage of variable values (using PEEK and POKE) and allows re-use of variables within subroutines and other code sections. The smaller PICAXE parts have 48 bytes free for use, while the other parts have access to greater number of registers enhanced parts as 95/96 bytes for the 18X, 28X1 and 40X1, 112 bytes for the 28X and 40X, 72 bytes for the 20X2 and 200 bytes for the 28X2/40X2.
The PEEK and POKE commands can also be used to implement byte arrays and software stacks.
The 20X2, 28X1, 40X1 parts also have 128 bytes of 'scratchpad' memory available while the 28X2 and 40X2 parts have 1024 bytes of ‘scratchpad’ memory. The scratchpad memory can be accessed directly (PUT and GET commands) or indirectly via the scratchpad pointer '@ptr'.
The READ and WRITE commands, which allow data to be stored in and retrieved from non-volatile EEPROM memory, can be used to retain data and settings while powered down.
All arithmetical operations are performed using 16-bit, unsigned, positive only operations. Variables are expanded as required to 16-bits on use by leading zero padding and results of processing are stored by truncating the resultant value to an appropriate number of bits before storage. A byte variable will have the eight least significant bits of the result stored, a bit variable will be set to the least significant bit value of the result.
Note that when using byte size variables, the internal maths are done using 16-bits so intermediate results on a line can exceed the maximum byte value of 255 but must not exceed 65535 otherwise erroneous results will occur.
Care must therefore be taken when manipulating variables and values to consider the effect of wrap-round, underflow and overflow. In particular it must be noted that a value can never be less than zero, and a byte value can never exceed 255. These issues must be considered in the implementation of FOR-NEXT loops and other looping constructs, which may, under some circumstances, never meet their terminating conditions. There is no facility to automatically report or indicate wrap-round, underflow or overflow.
All arithmetical expressions in assignments (LET) are evaluated in a strictly left-to-right manner. There is no operator precedence. Note that the keyword "LET" is optional.
In the future, the use of parenthesis for maths precedence to control calculations will be possible on the X1 and X2 parts. This is currently awaiting an update of the Programming Editor by the PICAXE makers, Rev Ed. The intention to include parenthesis was made over a year ago in the yahoo picaxe forum but to date there has been no mention of any intention.
The 28X1 and 40X1 parts have additional unary maths functions which include: Sin, Cos, Sqr, Inv, NCD, DCD, BintoBCD and BCDtoBin functions. When unary maths functions are used, they MUST be the first command on a program line. The unary functions can be followed by additional "normal" maths functions on the same line. For example:
LET b1 = COS 30 + 55 / 10
is valid
Users should check picaxe documents before using COS, SIN etc. to be sure that the table look-up method that it used is accurate for their purposes.
While there is no inbuilt Logarithm function, a suitable routine exists on the PICAXE forum here: http://www.picaxeforum.co.uk/showthread.php?19695
The inbuilt Square Root function only returns the integer (Characteristic) part of the actual square root. For 2 decimal place accuracy, routines exist on the PICAXE forum here:http://www.picaxeforum.co.uk/showthread.php?19714
A number of control constructs are provided to handle program flow -
For both SETINT and SETINTFLAGS, program execution continues from where the program was diverted from upon execution of a RETURN within the interrupt handler.
A number of block structured constructs and constructs found in other BASIC language dialects exist -
The size of program permitted is dictated by the on-chip EEPROM or Flash capacity.
The 20X2 has one internal slot (#0) and can use one external slot (#4) in an i2c EEPROM (24LC128 or larger).
The 28X2 and 40X2 parts have 4 internal slots (#0 to #3) and can access three external slots (#4 to #7) in an i2c EEPROM (24LC128 or larger) allowing 2000 to 3200 lines of source code over the total of 4 internal program "slots".
Because the program downloaded is stored as variable length tokens, it is not possible to easily predict the size of program which will be generated from any given source code. In particular, the program size will vary depending upon what value constants are used and which input and output pins are referenced in various commands. The Programming Editor does however provide a Syntax Check function which allows the size of program generated to be determined without having to download the program. This also allows programs to be developed and checked even without access to target hardware.
The variable length size of tokens, coupled with the inability to predict their alignment within the program memory also means that it is not possible to accurately predict the execution speed of any particular command, although typically this will be a minimum of 250 microseconds at normal 4 MHz operating speed. To date there has been no public acknowledgment by Revolution Education as to the "specific" speed of execution of their commands, and how their system may compare to compiling basic into hex directly. This makes it difficult for users to determine how well a PICAXE system compares to other forms of system design.
For non “X” part PICAXE chips, a maximum of 16 subroutine call statements (GOSUB) is supported within a program (15 if interrupts are supported). The X, X1 and X2 ranges support up to 256 GOSUB statements.
Subroutines can be nested to a depth of 4 levels for most PICAXE chips and to a depth of 8 levels for the X1 and X2 parts. One level of depth must be reserved for interrupt handler use when interrupts are enabled.
Although these are constrained devices, with a limited number of variables, limitations in the programming command structures and, on lower-end devices, limited program memory, these limitations have not prevented many successful projects and applications from emerging. The PICAXE is increasingly being used in (and to support) many commercial products.
Provided as a range of devices, each offering differing capabilities and functionality, projects and designs can be tailored to meet requirements such as cost.
Users should be aware that the cost of a PICAXE, whilst being claimed to be cheap, may not in the long run be cheaper than simply programming blank PIC processors via hardware such as PicStart plus or via a home made programmer. A quick examination of the costs of PICAXE chips compared to the price of blank PICs from Microchip demonstrates this. Using multiple devices also has many advantages in system design and modularisation.
On the other hand, PICAXE does not need any PIC programmer any more. A serial cable or USB to RS232 adapter is all that is needed to configure or read results from a PICAXE system on the field. Refer to a study on the uses of PICAXE systems for environmental monitoring. [2]
For users unfamiliar with microcontroller developments and related tool chains, the rapid development nature of the PICAXE, simplicity of use and minimal learning curve may mitigate extra cost, and this can be particularly true for users who are undertaking single development projects.
Whereas most internal processing is done using 16-bits, a value read using the PEEK or READ commands is returned as an 8-bit value, and when stored in a word variable, only the least significant bits of that word will be altered. The addresses reachable by peek or limited by picaxe to only the lowest data bank and so users cannot read the entire data area.
The RANDOM command provides pseudo-random number generator functionality which updates a variable to a new value when it is used. The new value is determined by the existing value of the variable when the RANDOM command is used.
Because all variables are initialised to zero when power is applied or a reset occurs, the variables to be used with RANDOM should be seeded first to prevent the same sequence of random numbers being generated whenever the program is started. Seeding can be done by storing and updating a seeding value within non-volatile EEPROM memory.
A mechanism to avoid seeding is to repeatedly execute the RANDOM command (such as when waiting for an input condition) so the value it has generated will be unpredictable when it is used later. For the X1 and X2 parts, an alternative to repeated execution of the RANDOM command is to set the timer running and then use the timer variable to ‘seed’ the random command. This will give much better results.
Although RANDOM can be used with a byte variable, because such a byte value is expanded to 16-bits before the randomising function is applied, the sequence of 'random results' will be very short and produce only a limited set of values.
The MIN and MAX operators using in assignments are 'limiting operations', ensuring that the result of the expression evaluated to that point never falls below or exceeds a specified value respectively.
Although somewhat counter-intuitive, MIN can also be thought of as returning the highest of two values, and MAX can be thought of as returning the lowest of the two.
Programs are downloaded from the Programming Editor using a serial link, either a physical serial port or a USB to serial adapter. USB serial ports must be able to support RS232 break signalling for successful use.
The basic programming interface consists of just two resistors and does not need RS232 level converters.
Being based upon the PICmicro, the PICAXE has great versatility in interfacing. Most variants support the on-chip hardware of the underlying PICmicro.
Digital Outputs can each sink and source around 20mA and are capable of driving LEDs and other small loads directly. Be aware that while each output can handle 20mA there are limits for each port and for the entire chip that typically prevents 20mA being used on every output. For some PICAXE chips, the port and total limit is around 95mA while for others the limit can be around 200mA. A review of the datasheet for the core PICmicro chip is recommended.
Most Digital Inputs are protected by diode clamps to the power rails, which as well as offering good ESD protection, allows interfacing to high voltage signals often with little more than a current limiting resistor being required.
This is particularly useful for interfacing to PCs, PDAs and terminals where a complete serial interface can be implemented using just one resistor. This allows for low-cost designs which do not necessitate the use of RS232 level conversion circuits, although such converters can be used to provide a more traditional interface if desired.
The voltage required to make a 1 or 0 on each type of pin is listed below.
TTL ( Vsupply > 4.5V )
Vih : >= 2.0V Vil : <= 0.8V
TTL ( Vsupply <= 4.5V )
Vih : >= 0.25 * Vsupply + 0.8V Vil : <= 0.15 * Vsupply
Schmitt Trigger (ST)
Vih : >= 0.8 * Vsupply ( >= 4V @ 5V ) Vil : <= 0.2 * Vsupply ( <= 1V @ 5V )
To determine if a pin is a TTL pin or a ST pin, look at http://www.picaxeforum.co.uk/showthread.php?t=8609.
The 18, 18A, 18M, 18X, 20M, 28 and 28A have fixed direction Input and Output pins. That is to say that every pin is pre-defined as either an input or an output and this use cannot be explicitly changed under program control.
The 08 and 08M have three bi-directional pins which can be either input or output pins and can be explicitly set as such and changed under program control. The 14M has nine bi-directional pins when used in its advanced configuration.
The 28X/X1 and 40X/X1 also have eight 'PORTC' lines which can be made inputs or outputs under program control. The 28X/X1 and 40X/X1 have another eight "PortB' lines which are always defined as output. Some of the additional pins/legs on the 40X/X1 chips provide a further eight 'PortD' lines which are always set as inputs.
At the start of program execution (after power is applied or reset occurs) all of the bi-directional pins will automatically be set as inputs and only become outputs when instructed by the executing program.
Because it is not always clear what program has previously been downloaded into a PICAXE which supports bi-directional pins, care must be taken when inserting those into alternative hardware. It is recommended that any existing program be erased before it is inserted into hardware different to that which it was previously used with. Inadvertently, or deliberately, making an input line an output line may have damaging effects upon the chip itself and any hardware connected to those pins.
The 08M, 18A, 18M and all M2 and X/X1/X2 parts support hardware interrupting on a pattern match with the input pins. But this isn't actually the case in practice. According to picaxe documents, the picaxe "polls" the inputs and responds to the change in pin status via firmware. Users should be aware of the difference between programming a PIC microcontroller to respond to changes in the PORTB input register hardware and any claims that Picaxe supports "Hardware Interrupts" using firmware to simulate the same.
Analogue input is supported across the entire range. The 08 and 18 support only coarse, low-resolution analogue inputs which is delivered as one of 16 8-bit levels. The others support full 256-level, 8-bit analogue input, and some offer 1024-level, 10-bit inputs.
The number of analogue inputs depends on the actual device, and in some cases the analogue inputs and digital inputs share the same pins, allowing them to be used as either analogue or digital inputs, and with some design, both.
Unlike PICs that are capable of producing an analogue output voltage via its internal ladder (requiring external hardware to amplify the signal), there is no ability to generate an analogue output voltage directly, however analogue voltages can be produced by using PWM output capabilities plus the addition of suitable circuitry.
The new 18M2 includes one DAC with a 5-bit resolution giving 32 discrete voltage steps at the DAC output pin.
The firmware supports interfacing with the Dallas/Maxim type 1-Wire devices, including the iButton range of sensors and logger devices together with various 1-Wire chips such as the DS18B20 temperature Sensor, DS243x series EEPROMs, DS2406, DS2408 and DS2413 programmable IO chips with 2, 8 and 2 channels respectively and many more 1-Wire devices.
The firmware for virtually all PICAXE chips provides the ability, through the READOWSN command, to read the unique serial number of any single 1-Wire device connected to a PICAXE input pin, whether or not the particular PICAXE chip firmware includes the additional commands to use that 1-Wire device's capabilities.
The READTEMP and READTEMP12 commands available on virtually all PICAXE chips provides the ability to easily read the temperature from a single DS18B20 temperature sensor connected to a PICAXE input pin.
The OWIN and OWOUT commands which are available only in the firmware of the more recently produced PICAXE chips, such as the X1 and X2 parts, enables communications and use of the capabilities of virtually all available 1-Wire devices including 1-Wire networks comprising many devices connected to a single PICAXE input pin.
All of the X Parts (18X, 20X2, 28X, 28X1, 28X2, 40X, 40X1 and 40X2) have the capability to use the in-built I²C commands for reading and writing to most I²C devices.
The new M2 series chips also have i2c communications capability.
Prior to firmware revision 8.6 on the 18X, and 7.7 on the 28X and 40X, the device being accessed must require at least two data bytes (3 bytes total including the address byte) to be able to be used with the built-in commands. Starting with the above mentioned firmware revisions, and the latest editor software, devices that only require two bytes (an address byte and a data byte) can be used.
Some limitations with the firmware controlled I²C functions are that there is no control beyond read and write commands. Protocol options like repeated start, early stop, attention are not supported. By bit-banging the signals, however, the entire gamut of I²C options can be used, but this requires an in depth familiarity with the I²C protocol itself.
The X1 and X2 parts can also be operated as I²C slave devices.
For the non X1/X2 parts, there are three commands to support infrared interfacing -
The INFRAIN and INFRAIN2 commands require that an external infrared sensor (TSOP18) is used to demodulate the incoming infrared signal for processing. INFRAOUT can be used to drive an infrared LED (and optional visible light LED) directly.
Even without the INFRAIN and INFRAIN2 commands, infrared signals which use Sony's SIRC protocol can be read by means of bit-banging; sampling the signal provided by the infrared sensor and determining the remote control command sent. This technique is also applicable for decoding infrared signals sent using other protocols, but is not suitable for all such protocols.
For the 28X1 and 40X1 parts, there are two different commands (keywords) with slightly different functionality:
All variants can interface to serially controlled LCDs using the SEROUT command providing they use a baud rate which is supported.
All but the 08 and 08M can directly control Hitachi HD44780 and similar LCDs operating in parallel, 4-bit mode. The 08 and 08M have too few output lines to support direct interfacing but can connect to such displays through additional interface circuitry, for example by using shift registers. Such interfacing schemes can always be used instead of direct parallel connections.
The 18A, 18X, 28X, and 40X all provide the ability to interface to a PC keyboard using the KEYIN and KEYLED commands.
These two commands respectively determine which key was pressed on a PC keyboard through its scan code and control the setting of the keyboard LEDs. The KEYLED command can be used to flash the keyboard LEDs to indicate when a key press has been received.
The 08 and 08M support the PWM command and the 08M, 18M and the X-range support the PWMOUT command.
The PWM command provides for a burst of a pulse-width modulated signal to be generated which may be used to charge a simple Resistor-Capacitor circuit to generate an analogue voltage output. PWM can be used with any Digital Output pin.
The PWMOUT command allows a pulse-width modulated signal to be continually generated while execution continues, which may be used to generate analogue voltages, as with PWM, but can also be used for speed control of motors and brightness control of visual indicators. PWMOUT can only be used with certain Digital Output pins. The 08M and 18X provide only a single PWMOUT output, while the 28X and 40X provide two.
For the 14M, the 28X1 and 40X1 parts, there are different PWM commands.
hpwm can be used instead of, not at the same time as, the pwmout command on 2. However pwmout on 1 can be used simultaneously if desired.
HPWMDUTY – On the X1 and X2 parts only, the hpwmduty command can be used to alter the hpwm duty cycle without resetting the internal timer (as occurs with a hpwm command). A hpwm command must be issued before this command will function.
User programmed serial input and output is implemented in the firmware, allowing the serial communications to be received on any Digital Input pin and transmitted on any Digital Output Pin. The serial interface supports a variety of baud rates between 300 and 4800 baud when operating at 4 MHz, up to 9600 baud at 8 MHz (M, A, and X parts), and up to 19,200 baud at 16 MHz (28X and 40X only).
The X1 and X2 parts also support background serial in, and much faster serial out bauds on the hardware serial pins.
On the 18X, 28X and 40X access to the on-chip AUSART through the use of PEEK and POKE allows bytes to be sent and received at higher baud rates. Those which allow access to the AUSART are capable of transmitting MIDI compatible data and potentially DMX-512 data streams.
All except the 08 and 18 can simultaneously support the control of multiple servos connected to any of its Digital Output pins.
Up to eight servos can be controlled directly using the SERVO command. Once the servo positions have been specified, the required signal stream for each servo is sent while program execution continues.
Using SERVO has a severe affect on other time based commands, e.g. pause/sound. Users should be aware that the PICAXE does not take into consideration the servo pulse length delay when processing delay loops so any time critical functions are bound to be longer than specified in code. A quick test to enable several servos, and then try to compute a valid delay should confirm this.
The SOUND command allows tone generation on any of the Digital Outputs. Piezo sounders can be directly connected to the Digital Output pins and loudspeakers can be driven through a simple amplifier circuit.
The 08M, 08M2, 14M, 14M2 18M, 18M2, 20M, 20M2, 20X2, 28X1, 28X2, 40X1 and 40X2 have the PLAY command which allows the playing of between one and four pre-programmed tunes depending upon which PICAXE chip is used. For the 08M only, there is capability to optionally flash LEDs in step with the tune's beat.
The next command available for the 08M, 08M2, 14M, 14M2 18M, 18M2, 20M, 20M2, 20X2, 28X1, 28X2, 40X1 and 40X2 is the TUNE command. Whereas the SOUND command provides for the frequency of a tone (or white noise) and its duration to be specified, the TUNE command allows the tone to be user specified in terms of a musical note and the tempo of the tune to be specified.
The Programming Editor includes a Wizard to convert suitable mobile phone ringtones to an equivalent TUNE command with the necessary data. The sound output is low-quality and limited in frequency range.
Native support for SPI and similar interfacing is provided on the X1 and X2 and can be implemented by direct control of the digital output lines, using a technique known as bit-banging.