Outline of water

This outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to water:

Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H₂O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces.^[1]^[2] Under nomenclature used to name chemical compounds, Dihydrogen monoxide is the scientific name for water, though it is almost never used.^[3]

1 Chemical properties and use
2 Physical properties
3 Geography
- 3.1 Weather
4 In nature and life
- 4.1 Marine life
5 Politics and issues
- 5.1 Supply and sanitation
6 In culture and sport
7 Uses
- 7.1 Fishing
8 References
9 See also

Chemical properties and use

Physical properties

Geography

Weather

Precipitation (meteorology)
- Rain
- Freezing rain
- Drizzle
- Snow
- Snow pellets
- Snow grains
- Ice pellets
- Hail
- Ice crystals
- Dew
- Hoarfrost
- Atmospheric icing
- Glaze ice
Clouds
Fog
Mist
Spindrift
Flood
Wave
- Wind wave
- Tsunami
Drought

In nature and life

Marine life

Aquatic ecosystems – general and freshwater components

General	Aquatic ecosystems Acoustic ecology Agent-based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic adaptation Aquatic animals Aquatic biodiversity research Aquatic biomonitoring Aquatic insects Aquatic layers Aquatic mammals Aquatic plants Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Aquatic science Aquatic toxicology Benthos Bioluminescence Biomass Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Dead zone Ecohydrology Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Productivity Ramsar Convention Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Trophic level Underwater camouflage and mimicry Water column Zooplankton More...

Freshwater	Freshwater ecosystems Brackish marsh Freshwater biology Freshwater biomes Freshwater fish Freshwater marsh Freshwater swamp forest Hyporheic zone Lake ecosystems Landscape limnology Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis River ecosystems Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland Environmental quality More...

Ecoregions	Freshwater ecoregions List of freshwater ecoregions Marine ecoregions List of marine ecoregions Ecology of the Everglades Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra

Aquatic ecosystems – marine components

Marine	Marine ecosystem f-ratio Iron fertilization Iron Hypothesis Large marine ecosystem Marine biology Marine chemistry Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical-biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson's rule Upwelling Whale fall More...

Marine life forms	Census of Marine Life Coastal fish Coral reef fish Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep sea fish Deep water corals Demersal fish Marine bacteriophage Marine invertebrates Marine larval ecology Marine mammal Marine reptile Marine vertebrate Paradox of the plankton Pelagic fish Seabird Seashore wildlife Wild fisheries

Marine habitats	Bay mud Black smokers Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetland Kelp forests Hydrothermal vent Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflat Rocky shores Salt marshes Seagrass meadows Sponge reefs Tide pools

Issues	Ecological values of mangrove Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area

Politics and issues

Marine pollution

Supply and sanitation

Water supply and sanitation in South America

Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela

Dependencies and other territories	Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Water supply and sanitation in North America

Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States

Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

Water supply and sanitation in Asia

Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia People's Republic of China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine Republic of China (Taiwan) South Ossetia

Dependencies and other territories	Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau

Water supply and sanitation in Africa

Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland

Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberanía (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

Water supply and sanitation in Europe

Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales

States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria

Dependencies and other territories	Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard

Other entities	European Union

Water supply and sanitation in Oceania

Sovereign states	Australia Cook Islands East Timor (Timor-Leste) Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu

Dependencies and other territories	American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna

In culture and sport

Uses

Fishing

Fisheries and fishing topic areas

Fisheries	Fisheries science Wild fisheries Fish farming Aquaculture Fish diversity Fish diseases Fisheries management Fishing quota Sustainability

Fishing	Fisherman Artisan fishing Fishing villages Fishing vessels Fishing history

Industrial	Commercial fishing Processing Products Seafood Marketing Markets

Recreational	Angling Game fishing Fly fishing Catch and release

Techniques	Gathering Spearfishing Line fishing Netting Trawling Trapping Other

Tackle	Hook Line Sinker Rod Bait Lures Artificial flies Bite alarms

Locations	Fishing by country Fishing villages Fishing banks Fish ponds Marine habitats

Index of fishing articles List of fishing topics by subject Fisheries glossary

Angling and game fishing

Angling	Boat fishing Trolling Casting Spey casting Reach cast Surf fishing Rock fishing Bank fishing Kayak fishing Centerpin fishing Coarse fish Rough fish Bottom fishing Tackle Techniques Tournaments Traditional fishing boats Angling personalities Television series

Game fishing	Big-game fishing Land-based game fishing Salmon run International Game Fish Association

The catch	Catch and release Tag and release Bag limits Minimum landing size Panfish Priest (tool) Ike jime

Sport fish	Bass Carp Fly target species Mahi-mahi Marlin Porgie (bream) Shad Smelt whiting Striped bass Swordfish Walleye

Fly fishing

Fly fishing	Fly fishing tackle Bamboo fly rod Fly rod building Fly Casting Analyzer Spey casting Reach cast Tenkara fishing Float tube Trout bum Target fish Fly waters Bibliography of fly fishing

Artificial flies	Fly lure Fly tying Amadou Cul De Canard Trolling tandem streamer fly Royal Coachman Clouser Deep Minnow Diawl bach Egg sucking leech Flesh Fly Grey Ghost Streamer Hare's Ear Klinkhammer Muddler Minnow Partridge and Orange Pheasant Tail Nymph Woolly Worm Woolly Bugger

Organizations	American Museum of Fly Fishing Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum Federation of Fly Fishers Trout Unlimited

Literature	Blacker's Art of Fly Making A Book on Angling A Concise Treatise on the Art of Angling Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice Favorite Flies and Their Histories Floating Flies and How to Dress Them The Fly-fisher's Entomology A History of Fly Fishing for Trout Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream Pseudonyms of notable angling authors The Salmon Fly The Way of a Trout with the Fly

Fisheries science and wild fisheries

Fisheries science	Population dynamics of fisheries Shifting baseline Fish stock Fish mortality Stock assessment Fish measurement Fish counter Data storage tag Catch per unit effort Biomass Fisheries acoustics Acoustic tag GIS and aquatic science EcoSCOPE Age class structure Trophic level Trophic cascades Match/mismatch hypothesis Fisheries and climate change Marine biology Aquatic ecosystems Bioeconomics EconMult Ecopath FishBase Census of Marine Life OSTM Fisheries databases Institutes Fisheries scientists

Wild fisheries	Ocean fisheries Diversity of fish Coastal fish Coral reef fish Demersal fish Forage fish Pelagic fish Cod fisheries Crab fisheries Eel fisheries Krill fisheries Kelp fisheries Lobster fisheries Shrimp fisheries Eel ladder Fish ladder Fish screen Migration Salmon run Sardine run Shoaling and schooling Marine habitats Marine snow Water column Upwelling Humboldt current Algal blooms Dead zones Fish kill

Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation

Management	Fisheries management Monitoring control and surveillance Vessel monitoring system Fishery Resources Monitoring System Catch reporting Fisheries observer Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Fisheries organizations

Quotas	Catch share Individual fishing quota Minimum landing size Discards Bycatch Cetacean bycatch Turtle excluder device Shrimp-Turtle case EU quotas EU MLS Exclusive economic zone

Sustainability	Sustainable fisheries Maximum sustainable yield Sustainable seafood Overfishing Environmental effects of fishing Fishing down the food web Destructive fishing practices Future of Marine Animal Populations The Sunken Billions End of the Line

Conservation	Marine Protected Area Marine reserve Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Salmon conservation Grey nurse shark conservation Shark sanctuary

Organisations	Marine Stewardship Council Friend of the Sea SeaChoice Seafood Watch Oceana Sea Around Us Project WorldFish Center Defying Ocean's End HERMIONE PROFISH International Seafood Sustainability Foundation Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Greenpeace

Related issues	CalCOFI Marine pollution Mercury in fish Shark finning

List of fishing topics by subject Index of fishing articles Fisheries glossary

References

^ Henniker, J. C. (1949). "The Depth of the Surface Zone of a Liquid". Reviews of Modern Physics (Reviews of Modern Physics) 21 (2): 322–341. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.322.
^ Pollack, Gerald. "Water Science". University of Washington, Pollack Laboratory. http://faculty.washington.edu/ghp/researcthemes/water-science. Retrieved 2011-02-05. "Water has three phases – gas, liquid, and solid; but recent findings from our laboratory imply the presence of a surprisingly extensive fourth phase that occurs at interfaces."
^ Bramer, Scott. "Chemical Nomenclature". Widener University, Department of Chemistry. http://science.widener.edu/svb/pset/nomen_b.html. Retrieved 20 September 2011.