| Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Welsh: Swyddfa’r Marchnadoedd Nwy a Thrydan) | |
|---|---|
| Non-ministerial government department overview | |
| Preceding agencies | Office of Electricity Regulation Office of Gas Supply |
| Jurisdiction | United Kingdom |
| Headquarters | 9 Millbank, London, SW1P 3GE |
| Employees | 360 |
| Annual budget | £50.6 million (2009-2010) [1] |
| Non-ministerial government department executive | Alistair Buchanan, Chief Executive |
| Website | |
| www.ofgem.gov.uk | |
The Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), supporting the Gas and Electricity Markets Authority (GEMA), is the government regulator for the electricity and downstream natural gas markets in Great Britain. It was formed by the merger of the Office of Electricity Regulation (OFFER) and Office of Gas Supply (Ofgas).
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The Authority's powers and duties are largely provided for in statute (such as the Gas Act 1986, the Electricity Act 1989, the Utilities Act 2000, the Competition Act 1998, the Enterprise Act 2002 and the Energy Act 2004[2], the Energy Act 2008[3] and the Energy Act 2010[4]) as well as arising from directly effective European Community legislation. Duties and functions concerning gas are set out in the Gas Act and those relating to electricity are set out in the Electricity Act.
Its primary duty is protect the interests of consumers, where possible by promoting competition.[5] The Authority‘s main objective is to protect existing and future consumers' interests in relation to gas conveyed through pipes and electricity conveyed by distribution or transmission systems. Consumers' interests are their interests taken as a whole, including their interests in the reduction of greenhouse gases and in the security of the supply of gas and electricity to them.[6]
The Gas and Electricity Markets Authority is governed by the Chairman Lord John Francis Mogg, executive members as well as non-executive members.[7]
Lord John Francis Mogg was appointed for a second five year term as the non-executive Chairman of Ofgem in October 2008. In the same year he was also elected for a second term as Chairman of the European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG), and as the President of the Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER).[8] Lord John became a Life Peer [9] on 18th April 2008 and on the 28th May 2008 he was created Baron Mogg of Queens Park in The County Of Sussex.
Alistair Buchanan was appointed Chief Executive of Ofgem in 2003. He is also a member of the Business Energy Forum and the UK Energy Research Partnership (UKERP) and previously a Non Executive Director for the state-owned company Scottish Water.[10]
Moreover, Ofgem is divided in Ofgem (Smarter Grids & Governance, Markets, Sustainable Development and Group Finance Director) and in Ofgem E-Service containing Group Functions: Environmental Programmes, Operations/HR, Information Management and Technology, Finance and Risk Management, and Commercial: Offshore, Legal, Smart Metering Delivery.[11]
The liberalisation and privatisation of the energy markets in the United Kingdom began with the Margaret Thatcher Government in the 1980s (often called the Thatcher-Lawson agenda, due to the key role of Nigel Lawson in the Thatcher government cabinet). Aspects of the Ofgem model have been adopted by Eu legislation. [12]
Starting in the 1990s, the supply of electricity and gas to end consumers in the UK has been unbundled from the rest of the industry. At the time of privatisation, British Gas and one regional Public Electricity Supplier (PES) held a monopoly on supplying all domestic gas and electricity consumers respectively in Great Britain. Between 1996 and 1999, domestic energy consumers gradually got the freedom to choose their supplier, and finally in May 1998, the domestic gas market was fully opened to competition, closely followed by the domestic electricity market in May 1999. [13]
Before there was competition on domestic markets, Ofgem set price controls fixing maximum price that the monopoly suppliers could charge domestic customers. These price controls remained in place when markets started to get liberalised, and were then gradually removed between 2000 and 2002. Ofgem’s decision to remove price controls was based on the assessment that competition was developing well at that time and that the Competition Act 1998, being effective since March 2000, would deter companies from the abuse of market power, and provide Ofgem with sufficient power to tackle any abuse. Moreover, consumer surveys showed good awareness of the ability to switch, high and rising switching rates away from the former monopoly supplies, and substantial and continuing falls in their market shares. [14]
In 2000 the Social Action Strategy review Group was established and the Competition Act came into force. In 2003 the Wholesale Gas Probe was published. Two years after the removal of the last price controls, in April 2004, Ofgem published a major review of the state of competition in the domestic energy supply markets, concluding that supply competition had delivered substantial benefits for all consumers and that the markets were competitive, though not yet mature. In 2005 there was the EU Energy Sector Enquiry, as well as the Supply Licence Review. The Energy Supply Ombudsman was then established in 2006 and in 2008 the Energy Supply Probe was published.[15]
Against the background of unprecedented increases in world fuel prices leading to record increases in wholesale and retail gas and electricity prices so that a typical household's energy bills more than doubled since early 2004 Ofgem undertook the Energy Supply Probe . The numbers of consumers in debt to their energy suppliers, average debt levels and disconnection rates were all rising. These energy price rises came at a time when household budgets were under pressure from the rising cost of food, petrol, mortgages and other essentials. Vulnerable consumers and those in fuel poverty were particularly affected. The Energy Supply Probe published the findings on the operation of the UK retail energy markets and set out a package of measures to tackle the issues raised.[16]
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