Oeneis

Oeneis (the Arctics) is a butterfly genus of the Satyrinae. All but one of its members are arctic, subarctic or high-altitude alpine in distribution. Some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along in the harshest climates of any butterflies. Four species in Europe, more are found in arctic Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, arctic North America and the Rocky Mountains. Curiously, there are no observations from Greenland. The development of most species takes 2 years.

Species^[1]

The jutta species-group:

• Oeneis fulla (Eversmann, 1851)
• Oeneis jutta (Hübner, 1805-1806) -- Baltic Grayling or Jutta Arctic
• Oeneis magna (Graeser, 1888)
• Oeneis melissa (Fabricius, 1775) -- Melissa Arctic
• Oeneis tunga (Staudinger, 1894)

The norna species-group:

• Oeneis actaeoides (Lukhtanov, 1989)
• Oeneis glacialis (Moll, 1785) -- Alpine Grayling
• Oeneis norna (Thunberg, 1791) -- Norse Grayling
• Oeneis philipi (Troubridge, 1988)
• Oeneis polixenes (Fabricius, 1775) -- Polixenes Arctic
• Oeneis rosovi (Kurentzov 1960) -- Philip's Arctic^[2]

The alpina species-group:

• Oeneis alpina (Kurentzov, 1970) -- Sentinel Arctic^[3]

The hora species-group:

• Oeneis aktashi (Lukhtanov, 1984)
• Oeneis ammosovi (Dubatov & Korshunov, 1988)
• Oeneis elwesi (Staudinger, 1901)
• Oeneis hora (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
• Oeneis mulla (Staudinger, 1881)

The bore species-group:

• Oeneis alberta (Elwes, 1893) -- Alberta Arctic
• Oeneis ammon (Elwes, 1899)
• Oeneis bore (Schneider, 1792) -- Arctic Grayling or White-veined Arctic
• Oeneis chryxus (Doubleday, 1849) -- Chryxus Arctic
• Oeneis ivallda (Mead, 1878) -- California Arctic
• Oeneis nevadensis (C. & R. Felder, 1866) -- Great Arctic
• Oeneis macounii (Edwards, 1885) -- Canada Arctic or Macoun's Arctic

The tarpeja species-group:

• Oeneis diluta (Lukhtanov, 1994)
• Oeneis lederi (Alphéraky, 1897)
• Oeneis mongolica (Oberthür, 1876)
• Oeneis sculda (Eversmann, 1851)
• Oeneis tarpeja (Pallas, 1771)
• Oeneis uhleri (Reakirt, 1866) -- Uhler's Arctic
• Oeneis urda (Eversmann, 1847)

The buddha species-group:

• Oeneis buddha (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)
• Oeneis oeno (Boisduval, 1832)

References