| Oberhasli Hasli |
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|---|---|---|---|
| — Talschaft — | |||
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| Country | Switzerland | ||
| Canton | Bern | ||
| Region | Interlaken-Oberhasli | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 551 km2 (212.7 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2007) | |||
| • Total | 7,843 | ||
| • Density | 14.2/km2 (36.9/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Municipalities | 6 | ||
The Hasli region (also called Oberhasli, or Haslital "Hasli valley") is a historical Landvogtei or Talschaft in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, bordering on the cantons of Obwalden, Uri and Wallis. The local dialect is of the Highest Alemannic variety.
From 1833 to 2009, Hasli was incorporated as the Oberhasli district, the easternmost of the 26 districts of the Canton of Bern, bordering the district of Interlaken to the west. Since 2010, Oberhasli and Interlaken have been administratively united as the region of Interlaken-Oberhasli.
It has an area of 550 km², comprising the six municipalities of Gadmen, Guttannen, Hasliberg, Innertkirchen, Meiringen and Schattenhalb, with a total population of just below 8,000, corresponding to a population density of less than 15/km2 (compared to a Swiss average of 181/km2), due to a significant portion of the area of Oberhasli being uninhabitable High Alps.
The name Haslital is first attested in 1234. The prefix Ober- ("Upper Hasli") first appears in the 16th century for disambiguation with Hasle bei Burgdorf, Oberhasli is in official use since 1798. The origin of the name is likely Old High German hasal "hazel".
The upper parts of the Hasli valleys are part of the World Heritage Site of the Jungfrau–Aletsch–Bietschhorn as defined in 2007.[1]
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Hasli has historically been of great strategical significance due to its central location in the Central Alps, commanding the passes of Grimsel, Susten, Brünig, Joch and Grosse Scheidegg.
The main valley is the alluvial plain of the Aare between Meiringen and Lake Brienz. Upstream of Meiringen, Hasli includes five main valleys,
During the High Middle Ages, Hasli was a reichsfrei region administered by an Amtmann. In 1275 if formed an alliance with the city of Bern. In 1311, Hasli was given to the house of Weissenburg by Henry VII. After an unsuccessful revolt in 1334, Hasli passed to the city of Bern as a subject territory in name but regained most of its earlier privileges. Bern was careful to appoint men native to Hasli to administrative posts and as judges. Hasli proved an important ally to Bern militarily. In 1339, Hasli provided a force of 300 men participating in the Battle of Laupen. The arrangement of Hasli as a nominal subject territory with de facto self-governance endured until 1528, when Bern enforced the Protestant confession in Hasli. About half of the population of Hasli participated in an armed revolt against Bern. After this, Bern tried to enforce Bernese administration in Hasli, but met such resistance that in a 1557 treaty the old privileges were re-instated.
In the 17th to 18th century, an upper class of influential families native to Hasli emerged, the so-called Ehrbarkeit. Before the introduction of a separate parish in Innertkirchein in 1709, there was a single parish in Meiringen for all of Hasli. In the 19th century, parishes in Gadmen (1808) and Guttannen (1816) followed.
During the existence of the Helvetic Republic, Hasli was part of the Kanton Oberland. Since 1833, it has formed the Oberhasli district. Hasli was organized in fifteen collectives of independent farming estates, the so-called Bäuerten, between them forming the Talschaft of Hasli. This structure was replaced by the six municipalities of the contemporary Oberhasli district in 1834. The sovereign law of Hasli (Landrecht) became inactive in 1843, during the Swiss Restauration.
In 1558, there were 253 hearths (households) registered in Hasli, in 1653 the number had grown to 360. In 1669, population had declined to ca. 500 individuals following an outbreak of plague. In 1764, there were 3,253 inhabitants, and population more than doubled over the following century, to 7,054 in 1850. Population has remained more or less stable since, numbering 7,574 in 1880, 7,008 in 1900, 6,507 in 1920; 7,878 in 1950, 8,189 in 2000 and 7,843 in 2007.
The Oberhasli district was the easternmost of the 26 districts of the canton of Bern, from 1833 to 2009, encompassing an area of 550 km². The administrative capital is Meiringen. Oberhasli since 1843 comprises six municipalities:
| municipality | population (2007) | area (km²) |
|---|---|---|
| Gadmen | 250 | 116.4 |
| Guttannen | 316 | 200.7 |
| Hasliberg | 1,234 | 41.7 |
| Innertkirchen | 901 | 120.0 |
| Meiringen | 4,533 | 40.7 |
| Schattenhalb | 609 | 31.5 |
| Total | 7,843 | 551.0 |
Four of the six municipalities retain the black eagle on golden background of the historical Hasli flag, Meiringen insisted to retain the flag without modification. Historically, the flag of Hasli is identical to the medieval flag of the Holy Roman Empire, showing a black eagle in a yellow field. The Bernese elite allowed the Hasli troops to keep displaying this flag even after the de facto independence from the empire.
The economy of Hasli was based on agriculture and transhumance (goats, sheep) in the Late Middle Ages, shifting to livestock breeding (cattle, horses) and cheese production during the Early Modern period. Livestock and cheese was exported to Italy across the Grimsel and Nufenen passes. In the 18th century, there were three yearly livestock markets. There was also some iron mining, beginning in the 15th century, and phased out after 1798. From the 17th century, there was rockhounding for crystals, intensified with the rise of tourism in the 19th century. Booming tourism triggered significant investments in structure, notably the Brünig road in 1857 and the Brünigbahn in 1888, connecting Oberhasli to Lucerne via Obwalden, and from there to Greater Zürich and the Swiss plateau in general; the Grimsel road opened in 1894 and the Susten road in 1945. The number of hotels in Meiringen grew from two in 1831 to eighteen in 1900.
After 1973, additional infrastructure turned Hasliberg into a major skiing resort. As of 2005, employment in the primary sector (agriculture) was down to below 20%, while the tertiary sector (mostly tourism) had risen to above 65%. Another important of industry branch is production of hydroelectricity, Kraftwerke Oberhasli AG currently producing about 1.1 GW or 12% of Swiss electricity consumption. The Swiss Air Force has an airbase in Unterbach, Meiringen municipality.
Hasli is situated at the core of Highest Alemannic Alpine culture and preserves a number of elements typical of Swiss folklore. Hasli became affected by the modern era comparatively late, in the second half of the 19th century with the booming of tourism in Switzerland, and it preserved a rich tradition of folklore into the 20th century.
The main yearly festival of Hasli is the Ubersitz (lit. the "sitting out" of the night drinking) culminating a week of Trychel marches in Meiringen.
In 1846, Johann Georg Kohl travelled to Hasli, describing both its natural landscape and its population. Kohl recorded a tradition claiming Scandinavian origin of the people of Hasli, telling of a march of 6,000 Frisians and Swedes exiled from their homes by a famine. The names of the leaders of the immigrating Swedes is reported as Restius and Hastus. Kohl describes the architecture of the Meiringen church as reminiscent of North Frisian and Scandinavian types. This legend was first recorded by Petermann Etterlin in his 1507 Chronicle.[2] The Hasli legend was received in Scandinavian Romantic nationalism, with e.g. Danish poet Adam Oehlenschläger publishing a poem Haslidalen in 1849.
A collection of folk tales was published in 1943 by Melchior Sooder (1885–1955), a teacher at Rohrbach and a native of Schattenhalb, as Zelleni us em Haslital. Dwarves figure prominently in these tales, with a dwarf king called Muggestutz. They also tell of the disappearance of the dwarves after their help was not appreciated by the people of Hasli. A grammar of the Hasli dialect was published by Hans Dauwalder (b. 1925) in 1992.
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