November 20
November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 41 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
- 284 – Diocletian is chosen as Roman Emperor.
- 762 – During An Shi Rebellion, Tang Dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptured Luoyang from the rebels.
- 1194 – Palermo is conquered by Emperor Henry VI.
- 1407 – A truce between John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans is agreed under the auspices of John, Duke of Berry. Orléans would be assassinated three days later by Burgundy.
- 1695 – Zumbi, the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares in early Brazil, is executed.
- 1739 – Start of the Battle of Porto Bello between British and Spanish forces during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
- 1789 – New Jersey becomes the first U.S. state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
- 1820 – An 80-ton sperm whale attacks the Essex (a whaling ship from Nantucket, Massachusetts) 2,000 miles from the western coast of South America (Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick is in part inspired by this story).
- 1845 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: Battle of Vuelta de Obligado.
- 1861 – American Civil War: Secession ordinance is filed by Kentucky's Confederate government.
- 1910 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero issues the Plan de San Luis Potosi, denouncing President Porfirio Díaz, calling for a revolution to overthrow the government of Mexico, effectively starting the Mexican Revolution.
- 1917 – World War I: Battle of Cambrai begins – British forces make early progress in an attack on German positions but are later pushed back.
- 1917 – Ukraine is declared a republic.
- 1923 – Rentenmark replaces the Papiermark as the official currency of Germany at the exchange rate of one Rentenmark to One Trillion (One Billion on the long scale) Papiermark
- 1936 – José Antonio Primo de Rivera, founder of the Falange, is killed by a republican execution squad.
- 1940 – World War II: Hungary becomes a signatory of the Tripartite Pact, officially joining the Axis Powers.
- 1943 – World War II: Battle of Tarawa (Operation Galvanic) begins – United States Marines land on Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands and suffer heavy fire from Japanese shore guns and machine guns.
- 1945 – Nuremberg Trials: Trials against 24 Nazi war criminals start at the Palace of Justice at Nuremberg.
- 1947 – The Princess Elizabeth marries Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten at Westminster Abbey in London.
- 1952 – Slánský trials – a series of Stalinist and anti-Semitic show trials in Czechoslovakia.
- 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis ends: In response to the Soviet Union agreeing to remove its missiles from Cuba, U.S. President John F. Kennedy ends the quarantine of the Caribbean nation.
- 1969 – Vietnam War: The Plain Dealer publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the My Lai massacre in Vietnam.
- 1974 – The United States Department of Justice files its final anti-trust suit against AT&T. This suit later leads to the breakup of AT&T and its Bell System.
- 1977 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to officially visit Israel, when he meets Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and speaks before the Knesset in Jerusalem, seeking a permanent peace settlement.
- 1979 – Grand Mosque Seizure: About 200 Sunni Muslims revolt in Saudi Arabia at the site of the Kaaba in Mecca during the pilgrimage and take about 6000 hostages. The Saudi government receives help from French special forces to put down the uprising.
- 1980 – Lake Peigneur drains into an underlying salt deposit. A misplaced Texaco oil probe had been drilled into the Diamond Crystal Salt Mine, causing water to flow down into the mine, eroding the edges of the hole. The resulting whirlpool sucked the drilling platform, several barges, houses and trees thousands of feet down to the bottom of the dissolving salt deposit.
- 1985 – Microsoft Windows 1.0 is released.
- 1989 – Velvet Revolution: The number of protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.
- 1991 – An Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter carrying 19 peacekeeping mission team with officials and journalists from Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend district of Azerbaijan.
- 1992 – In England, a fire breaks out in Windsor Castle, badly damaging the castle and causing over £50 million worth of damage.
- 1993 – Savings and loan crisis: The United States Senate Ethics Committee issues a stern censure of California senator Alan Cranston for his "dealings" with savings-and-loan executive Charles Keating.
- 1994 – The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol in Zambia, ending 19 years of civil war (localized fighting resumes the next year).
- 1998 – A court in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan declares accused terrorist Osama bin Laden "a man without a sin" in regard to the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania.
- 1998 – The first module of the International Space Station, Zarya, is launched.
- 2001 – In Washington, D.C., U.S. President George W. Bush dedicates the United States Department of Justice headquarters building as the Robert F. Kennedy Justice Building, honoring the late Robert F. Kennedy on what would have been his 76th birthday.
- 2003 – After the November 15 bombings, a second day of the 2003 Istanbul Bombings occurs in Istanbul, Turkey, destroying the Turkish head office of HSBC Bank AS and the British consulate.
- 2008 – After critical failures in the US financial system began to build up after mid-September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its lowest level since 1997.
Births
- 270 – Maximinus II, Roman Emperor (d. 313)
- 1602 – Otto von Guericke, German physicist (d. 1686)
- 1620 – Peregrine White, first English child born in the Plymouth Colony (d. 1704)
- 1621 – Avvakum, Russian priest and writer (d. 1682)
- 1625 – Paulus Potter, Dutch painter (d. 1654)
- 1660 – Daniel Ernst Jablonski, German theologian (d. 1741)
- 1750 – Tipu Sultan, Indian ruler (d. 1799)
- 1761 – Pope Pius VIII (d. 1830)
- 1762 – Pierre André Latreille, French entomologist (d. 1833)
- 1765 – Sir Thomas Fremantle, British naval captain (d. 1819)
- 1781 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (d. 1854)
- 1839 – Christian Wilberg, German painter (d. 1882)
- 1841 – Victor D'Hondt, Belgian mathematician (d. 1901)
- 1841 – Wilfrid Laurier, seventh Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1919)
- 1851 – Queen Margherita of Italy (d. 1926)
- 1858 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish author, Nobel laureate (d. 1940)
- 1866 – Kenesaw Mountain Landis, American judge and baseball commissioner (d. 1944)
- 1869 – Clark Griffith, American baseball manager (d. 1955)
- 1874 – James Michael Curley, 53rd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1958)
- 1880 – George McBride, American baseball player (d. 1973)
- 1882 – Andy Coakley, American baseball player and coach (d. 1963)
- 1884 – Norman Thomas, American political figure (d. 1968)
- 1886 – Karl von Frisch, Austrian zoologist, Nobel laureate (d. 1982)
- 1889 – Edwin Hubble, American astronomer (d. 1953)
- 1892 – James Collip, Canadian biochemist, co-discoverer of insulin (d. 1965)
- 1896 – Chiyono Hasegawa, a Japanese supercentenarian. (d. 2011)
- 1900 – Chester Gould, American comic strip artist (d. 1985)
- 1903 – Alexandra Danilova, Russian ballerina (d. 1997)
- 1903 – Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Pakistani historian and educationist (d. 1981)
- 1905 – François, 9th duc de Noailles, French nobelman (d. 2009)
- 1907 – Fran Allison, American television personality (d. 1989)
- 1907 – Henri-Georges Clouzot, French film director (d. 1977)
- 1908 – Alistair Cooke, British-born journalist (d. 2004)
- 1910 – Kees Bastiaans, Dutch painter (d. 1986)
- 1910 – Willem Jacob van Stockum, Dutch physicist (d. 1944)
- 1912 – Otto von Habsburg, Austrian-German nobleman (d. 2011)
- 1913 – Judy Canova, American actress (d. 1983)
- 1913 – Kostas Choumis, Greek footballer (d. 1981)
- 1914 – Emilio Pucci, Italian fashion designer (d. 1992)
- 1915 – Kon Ichikawa, Japanese film director (d. 2008)
- 1916 – Evelyn Keyes, American actress (d. 2008)
- 1917 – Robert Byrd, American politician, longest serving member of the United States Congress (d. 2010)
- 1917 – Bobby Locke, South African golfer (d. 1987)
- 1921 – Jim Garrison, American attorney and judge (d. 1992)
- 1921 – Phyllis Thaxter, American actress
- 1923 – Nadine Gordimer, South African writer, Nobel laureate
- 1924 – Benoît Mandelbrot, Polish-born French mathematician (d. 2010)
- 1924 – Henk Vredeling, Dutch politician (d. 2007)
- 1925 – Robert F. Kennedy, American politician (d. 1968)
- 1925 – Maya Plisetskaya, Russian ballet dancer
- 1925 – Kaye Ballard, American comic actress
- 1926 – Terry Hall, English ventriloquist (d. 2007)
- 1926 – Andrzej W. Schally, Polish endocrinologist, Nobel laureate
- 1927 – Ed "Too Tall" Freeman, American United States Army officer, helicopter pilot and Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2008)
- 1927 – Estelle Parsons, American actress
- 1928 – Aleksey Batalov, Russian actor
- 1928 – John Disley, Welsh athlete
- 1929 – Don January, American professional golfer
- 1930 – Bernard Horsfall, British Actor
- 1932 – Richard Dawson, English-American actor and game show host
- 1936 – Don DeLillo, American author
- 1937 – René Kollo, German tenor
- 1937 – Ruth Laredo, American pianist (d. 2005)
- 1937 – Eero Mäntyranta, Finnish cross-country skier
- 1937 – Viktoriya Tokareva, Russian playwright
- 1939 – Dick Smothers, American comedian
- 1940 – Bob Einstein, American actor and comedian
- 1941 – Haseena Moin, Pakistani television writer and playwright
- 1942 – Joe Biden, 47th Vice President of the United States
- 1942 – Norman Greenbaum, American singer
- 1942 – Meredith Monk, American composer and choreographer
- 1942 – Paulos Faraj Rahho, Iraqi bishop (d. 2008)
- 1943 – Veronica Hamel, American actress
- 1944 – Louie Dampier, American basketball player
- 1945 – Rick Monday, American baseball player
- 1945 – Nanette Workman, American-born Canadian singer and actress
- 1946 – Duane Allman, American guitarist (The Allman Brothers Band) (d. 1971)
- 1946 – Greg Cook, American football player
- 1946 – Judy Woodruff, American TV anchor
- 1947 – Joe Walsh, American musician (Eagles, James Gang)
- 1948 – John R. Bolton, American ambassador
- 1948 – Barbara Hendricks, American/Swedish singer
- 1948 – Richard Masur, American actor
- 1949 – Thelma Drake, American politician
- 1949 – Jeff Dowd, American film producer
- 1951 – David Walters, American politician
- 1951 – Rodger Bumpass, American voice actor
- 1952 – John Van Boxmeer, Canadian hockey player
- 1954 – Berit Andnor, Swedish politician
- 1954 – Steve Dahl, American radio personality
- 1956 – Bo Derek, American actress
- 1956 – Mark Gastineau, American football player
- 1957 – Stefan Bellof, German race car driver (d. 1985)
- 1957 – Mike Craven, English footballer
- 1957 – John Eriksen, Danish footballer (d. 2002)
- 1958 – Rickson Gracie, Brazilian mixed martial artist
- 1959 – James P. McGovern, American politician
- 1959 – Sean Young, American actress
- 1960 – Veronika Bellmann, German politician
- 1960 – Marc Labrèche, Canadian actor and television host
- 1961 – Tim Harvey, British racing driver
- 1961 – Larry Karaszewski, American screenwriter
- 1961 – Jim Brickman, American pianist and songwriter
- 1961 – Dave Watson, English footballer
- 1963 – Timothy Gowers, British mathematician
- 1963 – Ming-Na Wen, Macau actress
- 1963 – Wan Yanhai, Chinese AIDS activist
- 1965 – Mike D, American musician (Beastie Boys)
- 1965 – Sen Dog, Cuban rapper (Cypress Hill)
- 1965 – Yoshiki Hayashi, Japanese musician (X Japan)
- 1965 – Jimmy Vasser, American racing driver
- 1966 – Kevin Gilbert, American musician (d. 1996)
- 1966 – Thanasis Kolitsidakis, Greek footballer
- 1966 – Jill Thompson, American comic book writer and artist
- 1967 – Chris Childs, American basketball player
- 1967 – Teoman, Turkish rock singer
- 1968 – Tommy Asinga, Surinamese track star
- 1968 – Chew Chor Meng, Singaporean actor
- 1969 – Callie Thorne, American actor
- 1970 – Matt Blunt, American politician
- 1970 – Delia Gonzalez, American boxer
- 1970 – Geoffrey Keezer, American jazz pianist
- 1970 – Sabrina Lloyd, American actress
- 1970 – Joe Zaso, American actor
- 1970 – Phife Dawg, American rapper (A Tribe Called Quest)
- 1971 – Joey Galloway, American football player
- 1971 – Joel McHale, American actor and comedian
- 1971 – Marco Oppedisano, American guitarist and composer
- 1972 – Sheema Kalbasi, Iranian poet
- 1973 – Angelica Bridges, American actress, model, and singer
- 1975 – Dierks Bentley, American singer
- 1975 – Ryan Bowen, American basketball player
- 1975 – J. D. Drew, American baseball player
- 1975 – Davey Havok, American singer (AFI)
- 1975 – Joshua Gomez, American actor
- 1976 – Dominique Dawes, American gymnast
- 1976 – Laura Harris, Canadian actress
- 1976 – Tusshar Kapoor, Indian actor
- 1976 – Jason Thompson, Canadian actor
- 1976 – Theodoros Velkos, badminton player
- 1976 – Cemal Yıldız, Turkish footballer
- 1977 – Rudy Charles, American professional wrestling referee
- 1977 – Daniel Svensson, Swedish drummer
- 1977 – Josh Turner, American singer
- 1978 – Freya Lin, Taiwanese singer
- 1978 – Nadine Velazquez, American actress and model
- 1979 – Ericson Alexander Molano, Colombian gospel singer
- 1979 – Maree Bowden, New Zealand netball player (Silver Ferns)
- 1980 – James Chambers, English footballer
- 1981 – Carlos Boozer, American basketball player
- 1981 – Sam Fuld, American baseball player
- 1981 – Kimberley Walsh, English singer (Girls Aloud)
- 1982 – Margo Stilley, American actress
- 1984 – Tashard Choice, American football player
- 1984 – Ferdinando Monfardini, Italian racing driver
- 1984 – Justin Hoyte, English footballer
- 1985 – Juan Cruz Álvarez, Argentine racing driver
- 1985 – Dan Byrd, American actor
- 1985 – Aaron Yan, Taiwanese singer and actor (Fahrenheit)
- 1986 – Ashley Fink, American Actress
- 1986 – Jared Followill, American rock musician
- 1986 – Oli Sykes, English musician
- 1988 – Rhys Wakefield, Australian actor
- 1989 – Cody Linley, American actor
- 1990 – Mark Christian, Manx professional cyclist
- 1992 – Maiha Ishimura, Japanese pop singer
- 1995 – Mariko Hill, International cricketer
- 2000 – Connie Talbot, English singer
Deaths
- 869 – King Edmund of East Anglia (b. 841)
- 1022 – Bernward of Hildesheim (b. 993)
- 1316 – King John I of France (b. 1316)
- 1437 – Thomas Langley, Bishop of Durham (b. 1363)
- 1518 – Marmaduke Constable, English soldier
- 1518 – Pierre de La Rue, Flemish composer
- 1529 – Karl von Miltitz, German papal nuncio (b. c. 1490)
- 1591 – Christopher Hatton, English politician (b. 1540)
- 1612 – John Harington, English writer (b. 1561)
- 1651 – Mikołaj Potocki, Polish soldier (b. 1595)
- 1662 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, Austrian-born Spanish territorial governor (b. 1614)
- 1695 – Zumbi, Brazilian slave (b. 1655)
- 1704 – Charles Plumier, French botanist (b. 1646)
- 1737 – Queen Caroline of Ansbach, consort of George II of Great Britain (b. 1683)
- 1742 – Melchior de Polignac, French diplomat (b. 1661)
- 1758 – Johan Helmich Roman, Swedish composer (b. 1694)
- 1764 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician (b. 1690)
- 1778 – Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (b. 1726)
- 1856 – Farkas Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1775)
- 1894 – Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist and composer (b. 1829)
- 1908 – Georgy Voronoy, Russian mathematician (b. 1868)
- 1910 – Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Russian novelist (b. 1828)
- 1925 – Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom (b. 1844)
- 1934 – Willem de Sitter, Dutch scientist (b. 1872)
- 1936 – Buenaventura Durruti, Spanish anarchist (b. 1896)
- 1936 – José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Spanish politician (b. 1903)
- 1938 – Enzo Matsunaga, Japanese writer (b. 1895)
- 1938 – Maud, Queen of Norway (b. 1869)
- 1945 – Francis William Aston, British chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1877)
- 1950 – Francesco Cilea, Italian composer (b. 1866)
- 1951 – Thomas Quinlan (impresario), British opera impresario (b. 1881)
- 1954 – Clyde Vernon Cessna, American aviation designer (b. 1879)
- 1957 – Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, Russian-born Lithuanian artist (d. 1875)
- 1973 – Allan Sherman, American comedian (b. 1924)
- 1975 – Francisco Franco, Spanish dictator (b. 1892)
- 1976 – Trofim Lysenko, Russian biologist (b. 1898)
- 1978 – Vasilisk Gnedov, Russian poet (b. 1890)
- 1978 – Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (b.1888)
- 1980 – John McEwen, Australian politician (b. 1900)
- 1983 – Marcel Dalio, French actor (b. 1900)
- 1984 – Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Pakistani poet (b. 1911)
- 1994 – John Lucarotti, British-born Canadian screenwriter (b. 1926)
- 1995 – Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (b. 1967)
- 1995 – Robie Macauley, American novelist and literary critic (b. 1919)
- 1997 – Dick Littlefield, American baseball player (b. 1926)
- 1998 – Galina Starovoitova, Russian politician (b. 1946)
- 1999 – Amintore Fanfani, Italian politician (b. 1908)
- 2000 – Mike Muuss, American computer programmer (b. 1958)
- 2000 – Kalle Päätalo, Finnish writer (b. 1919)
- 2003 – Robert Addie, British actor (b. 1960)
- 2003 – Loris Azzaro, French fashion designer (b. 1933)
- 2003 – David Dacko, Central African politician (b. 1930)
- 2003 – Eugene Kleiner, American entrepreneur (b. 1923)
- 2003 – Roger Short, British statesman (b. 1944)
- 2003 – Jim Siedow, American actor (b. 1920)
- 2003 – Kerem Yilmazer, Turkish actor (b. 1945)
- 2004 – David Grierson, Canadian radio host (b. 1955)
- 2004 – Jenny Ross, English musician (Section 25) (b. 1962)
- 2005 – Manouchehr Atashi, Iranian poet (b. 1931)
- 2005 – Nora Denney, American actress (b. 1928)
- 2005 – Sheldon Gardner, American psychologist (b. 1934)
- 2005 – James King, American singer (b. 1925)
- 2005 – Chris Whitley, American musician (b. 1960)
- 2006 – Robert Altman, American film director (b. 1925)
- 2006 – Zoia Ceauşescu, Romanian mathematician (b. 1950)
- 2006 – Andre Waters, American football player (b. 1962)
- 2007 – Ian Smith, Rhodesian politician (b. 1919)
- 2008 – Bennie Gonzales, American architect (b. 1924)
- 2008 – Sven Inge, Swedish painter (b. 1935)
- 2009 – Lino Lacedelli, Italian mountaineer, one of the first team to summit K2 (b. 1925)
- 2010 – Rob Lytle, American football player (b. 1954)
- 2010 – Laurie Bembenek, American convicted murderer and fugitive (b. 1958)
- 2010 – Danny McDevitt, American baseball player (b. 1932)
- 2010 – Chalmers Johnson, American political scholar and author (b. 1931)
- 2010 – Roxana Briban, Romanian Soprano (b. 1971)
Holidays and observances
External links