Nepenthes gymnamphora
Nepenthes gymnamphora ( /nɨˈpɛnθiːz dʒɪmˈnæmfɔrə/) is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. There is much debate surrounding the taxonomic status of this species and the taxa N. pectinata and N. xiphioides.[1]
The specific epithet gymnamphora is derived from the Greek words gymnos (naked) and amphoreus (pitcher).[1]
Taxonomy
The N. gymnamphora group of related taxa has been variously interpreted as comprising a single extremely variable species (N. gymnamphora);[1][2][3] two distinct species, one from Java (N. gymnamphora) and one from Sumatra (N. pectinata);[4][5] or two species, one with a wide distribution covering Java and Sumatra (N. gymnamphora) and one with a very restricted range in Sumatra (N. xiphioides).[6] An additional fourth undescribed taxon, known from Mount Sorik Merapi in Sumatra, may also fall within N. gymnamphora.[1]
Nepenthes pectinata
Nepenthes pectinata[a] was described by B. H. Danser in his seminal 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies".[7] Danser's description of N. pectinata was based on material that included upper pitchers of N. singalana.[1] This was first noted in 1994 by Jan Schlauer and Joachim Nerz, who provided a lectotype for N. pectinata: Bünnemeijer 700, a specimen collected on Mount Talakmau.[5][8]
Danser mentioned another specimen in his monograph that he identified as the natural hybrid N. pectinata × N. singalana,[7] but which actually represented a pure N. singalana.[1][5]
Nepenthes pectinata has a separate conservation status of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.[9]
Nepenthes xiphioides
Nepenthes xiphioides[b] was described by Bruce Salmon and Ricky Maulder in a 1995 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter.[6] The authors treated N. pectinata as conspecific with N. gymnamphora, and distinguished N. xiphioides from the latter based on a number of characters shown in the table below.
Morphological differences between N. gymnamphora and N. xiphioides according to Salmon & Maulder (1995)[6]
| Morphological character |
N. gymnamphora |
N. xiphioides |
| Longitudinal leaf veins |
3-6 running in outer 2/3- 4/5 of blade |
2-3 running in outer 1/2 of blade |
| Leaf margins |
covered with short dense hair |
glabrous |
| Rosette leaf tendril |
about as long as the pitcher |
2-3 times as long as the leaf |
| Rosette pitchers |
8-12 cm tall, 3-4 cm broad |
4-5.5 cm tall, 1.5-2 cm broad |
| Aerial pitchers |
present |
absent |
| Peristome teeth |
3-6 times as long as broad |
6-8 times as long as broad |
| Inflorescence |
mostly 2 flowered, upper most ones 1 flowered; rarely most or all of them 1 flowered |
1 flowered but bearing some 2 flowered pedicels in lower 1/3 |
| Staminal column |
hairy at base or over whole length |
glabrous |
Infraspecific taxa
- Nepenthes gymnamphora var. haematamphora Miq. (1851)
- Nepenthes gymnamphora var. pectinata (Danser) Hort.Westphal (1999) in sched.
Natural hybrids
Notes
- a.^ Nepenthes pectinata is /nɨˈpɛnθiːz ˌpɛktɨˈnɑːtə/. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word pectinata, meaning "comb-shaped".
- b.^ Nepenthes xiphioides is /nɨˈpɛnθiːz zɪfiːˈɔɪdiːz/. The specific epithet is derived from the New Latin word xiphius (sword) and the Latin ending -oides (resembling), and refers to the long, thin teeth lining the inner margin of the peristome of this species.[6]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ a b McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes gymnamphora. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
- ^ a b c Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
- ^ a b c d e f Salmon, B.R. & R.G. Maulder 1995. Two New Species of Nepenthes from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 77–85.
- ^ a b Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ Schlauer, J. & J. Nerz 1994. Notes on Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). I. Contributions to the Flora of Sumatra. Blumea 39: 139–142.
- ^ Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes pectinata. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
Further reading
- Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes gymnamphora. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006.
- Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
- Hakim, L., A.Y. Wartono, J. Batoro & N. Nakagoshi 2006. Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees in East Java, Indonesia: Recent distribution status and new locality from Mt. Semeru. Hikobia 14(4): 493–497.
- (Indonesian) Handayani, T. 1999. Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia.PDF [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
- Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
- Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
- Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
- (Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- Menzel, R. 1922. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. II. Über den tierischen Inhalt der Kannen von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw. mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Nematoden. Treubia 3: 116–122.
- Micoletzky, H. & R. Menzel 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. VII. Anguillula nepenthicola Menzel aus kannen von Nepenthes gymnaphora Nees bei Tjibodas. Treubia 10: 285–290.
- van Oye, P. 1921. Zur Biologie der Kanne von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw.. Biologisches Zentralblatt 41: 529–534.
- (Indonesian) Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatera Barat.PDF [Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.] Biodiversitas 8(2): 152–156.
- Schlauer, J. 1995. Re: N.xiphioides + N.mikei. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995.
- Whitten, T., S.J. Damanik, J. Anwar & N. Hisyam 2000. The Ecology of Sumatra. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong.
- (Indonesian) Yogiara 2004. Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA).PDF M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
- Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.