| New American Bible Revised Edition | |
|---|---|
| Full name: | New American Bible Revised Edition |
| Abbreviation: | NABRE |
| Complete Bible published: | March 9, 2011 |
| Derived from: | New American Bible |
| Textual basis: | OT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls influence. Deuterocanonicals: Septuagint, Dead Sea Scrolls, and some Vulgate influence. NT: Novum Testamentum Graece 25th edition. |
| Translation type: | Formal equivalence (from the Preface). |
| Reading level: | High School |
| Copyright status: | United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |
| Online address: | http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/index.shtml |
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In the beginning, when God created the heavens and the earth and the earth was without form or shape, with darkness over the abyss and a mighty wind sweeping over the waters--Then God said: Let there be light, and there was light. |
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For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him might not perish but might have eternal life. |
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The New American Bible Revised Edition is the first major update to the New American Bible text in over 20 years. A Catholic bible translation, the New American Bible was first published in its entirety in 1970,[1] sponsored by Confraternity of Christian Doctrine.
Revisions to the New Testament, the work of thirteen revisers and five editors, began in 1978 and finished in 1986. The Old Testament revisions began in 1991 with the Psalms, completed by 30 revisers and 6 editors. Revisions to the remaining books of the Old Testament began in 1994 by forty revisers and eight editors. The Psalms were again revised between 2009 and 2010 by an additional seven revisers and two editors.[2]
The fully revised Old Testament was formally approved by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2010. The 1986-edition of the New Testament and the newly-revised Old Testament were released together on March 9, 2011 as the New American Bible Revised Edition.
Details of revision history prior to beginning of revision on the Old Testament in 1994 can be found here: New American Bible.
Contents |
In a press statement, the USCCB cited three reasons for the necessity of revising the Old Testament.[3]
First, the new translation aims to utilize modern scholastic advances in biblical study and adapt to changes in linguistics in order to render a more accurate translation in contemporary English.
Second, the new translation takes advantage of recently discovered ancient manuscripts like the Dead Sea Scrolls which provide better access to the historical textual tradition.
Third, the new translation uses the best manuscript-translating traditions available in order to translate more literally and accurately than previous translations. The press statement claims that the New American Bible Revised Edition will in many ways be a more literal translation than the original New American Bible. The Psalms, in particular, received special attention to provide a smooth, rhythmic translation which both retains the concrete imagery of the original Hebrew and also provides for easy singing or recitation.
In August 1990, the Catholic Bible Association passed a resolution urging revision of the Old Testament of the New American Bible.[4] In 1994, the National Conference of Catholic Bishops agreed to pass the resolution and form a steering committee/editorial board to direct the revision. The editorial board for the majority of the Old Testament consisted of 8 editors and 40 translators. In 2002, the Old Testament (excluding the Psalms) was completed and sent to the Subcommittee for the Translation of Scripture Text (previously, the Ad Hoc Committee for the Review of Scripture Translations) to see if it was a suitable Catholic translation. In September 2008, the last book (Jeremiah) of the Old Testament was accepted by the Subcommittee.
In November 2008, the Old Testament (including footnotes and introductions) was approved by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. However, they would not allow it to be published with the 1991 Psalms. A final revision of the NAB Psalter was undertaken using suggestions vetted by the Subcommittee for the Translation of Scripture Text and stricter conformity to Liturgiam Authenticam.[5]
The Psalms have been the most controversial book of the Old Testament during the course of the revisions leading up to the publication of the New American Bible Revised Edition. The controversy is related to the adaptaion of the New American Bible text's use in the official liturgy of the Catholic Church in the United States.
The first revision of the Psalms in 1991 was rejected for liturgical use by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments at the Vatican because of the extensive application of inclusive language in the text.
Example: “Blessed the man” (Ps. 1:1)-- a literal translation of the Hebrew—was replaced by “happy those” in the 1991 revision. This particular phrase has reverted in 2010 Psalms to "Blessed the man."
The current liturgical text of the Psalms was modified under the supervision of the a Congregation of the Holy See and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops for use in the Roman Catholic liturgy in 2000. The Vatican Congregation accepted some use of inclusive language, such as where the speaker is speaking of one of unknown gender (rendering "person" in place of "man"), but rejected any changes relating to God or Christ.
The newly-revised Psalms found in the New American Bible Revised Edition follows the guidelines of Liturgiam Authenticam, a document issued by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline[6] of the Sacraments. Throughout the new translation of the Psalms, the use of inclusive language has been limited and appropriate gender-specific pronouns used in conjunction with the original Hebrew.[7]
One of the more important changes found in the New American Bible Revised Edition is the substitution of various words and phrases for language which carries a modern connotation which is quite different from the originally intended meaning. Examples include changing "cereal" to "grain" and "booty" to "plunder."[8]
| New American Bible | New American Bible Revised Edition |
|---|---|
| Leviticus 2:1--"When anyone wishes to bring a cereal offering to the LORD, his offering must consist of fine flour." | Leviticus 2:1--"When anyone brings a grain offering to the LORD, the offering must consist of bran flour." |
| Isaiah 49:24-2--"Thus says the LORD: Can booty be taken from a warrior?" | Isaiah 49:24-2--"Can plunder be taken from a warrior [?]" |
Similarly, "holocaust" has been changed to "burnt offering". The word "holocaust" in modern English has become used almost exclusively to refer to the attempted genocide of the Jewish people during World War II. In order to capture the biblical meaning, the translators chose the phrase "burnt offering" to replace "holocaust" throughout the text in reference to sacrifices made to God.[9]
| New American Bible | New American Bible Revised Edition |
|---|---|
| Joel 3:1-5
Then afterward I will pour out my spirit upon all mankind. |
Joel 3:1-5
It shall come to pass |
| Sirach 51:1-4a
I give you thanks, O God of my father; |
Sirach 51: 1-4a
I give you thanks, Lord and King, |
In general, "inclusive language" is language that is formulated to specifically include women by avoiding generic masculine forms such as he/him/men/man. The New American Bible Revised Edition has translated all references to human beings using inclusive words or phrases because male pronouns are understood in North American English to be gender-specific. Inclusive language is the rule except where the use of inclusive language would create awkward phrasing. One of the most common concerns among more conservative Catholics awaiting the release of the New American Bible Revised Edition was whether or not the bible would be translated with so-called "horizontal" and/or "vertical" inclusive language. Modern liturgy and bible scholars make a distinction between "horizontal" inclusive language—those words and phrases that refer to relationships between human beings—and "vertical" inclusive language—words and phrases that denote the relationship between human beings and God. Conservatives, conservative Catholics, and those who have a great care for fidelity of translation find neither use of inclusive language acceptable.[10]
As it relates to bible translations, "horizontal" inclusive language translates gender-specific pronouns and words like "man" and "mankind" to gender-neutral pronouns such as "they" or "you" for "he." Other examples are "people" for "men" and "brothers & sisters" for "relatives." Thus, a particular passage in scripture might be rendered with inclusive language to avoid any sense that the teaching in the passage is for men only, rather than for men and women alike.[11]
According to a press backgrounder released by the USCCB, the New American Bible Revised Edition "reflects the original meaning of the texts. Much of the original material, especially in the narrative books, was gender specific and remains so."[12]
Whereas horizontal inclusive language is generally viewed as an understandable adaptation in light of modern gender sensitivity, "vertical" inclusive language—any pronoun or referent to the Christian God—is considered a break from both tradition and Christian revelation. The Catholic Magisterium has made it clear that any gender-neutral language in reference to any of the three persons of the Holy Trinity—Father, Son, or Holy Spirit—is unacceptable. According to Catholic teaching, God is always to be written and spoken of as a male entity, especially in light of teaching regarding Jesus Christ's incarnation as a man.
The USCCB stated in its press backgrounder that "all references to God retain the traditional use of masculine pronouns" in the New American Bible Revised Edition.
In January 2011, the USCCB announced that the fourth edition of the NAB would be published on March 9 of that year.[13] To be known as the "New American Bible, Revised Edition" or NABRE, the fourth edition of the NAB includes the newly revised Old Testament and re-revised Psalms, and the revised New Testament from the 1986 second edition. While the NABRE represents a revision of the NAB towards conformity towards Liturgiam Authenticam, there have not been any announced plans to use the NABRE for the lectionary in the United States.
Among press coverage on the release of the New American Bible Revised Edition on March 9, 2011 were interviews on local news channels,[14] national news coverage by NPR[15] and NBC,[16] as well as a variety of articles by online journals and publications.