| Kyū | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coloured belts are worn by kyū ranked practitioners in many martial arts, including judo, karate, and taekwondo. | |||||
| Japanese name | |||||
| Kanji: | 級 | ||||
| Hiragana: | きゅう | ||||
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Kyū (級)[kjuː] is a Japanese term used in martial arts, chadō, ikebana, go, shogi, academic tests and other similar activities to designate various grades, levels or class of proficiency or experience. In China, kyū (級) is called "ji", and it is used for academic tests.
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In 1882, Kanō Jigorō, the founder of Judo, established the system of Dan ranking to measure the Judo practitioners' ability. This system was referred to the Dan ranking system of Go, the ancient board game. Some organizations of academic tests started using the Kyū ranking system to measure candidates' ability.[1]
Similarly, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department started a ranking system using Kyū to measure the police officers' ability in Kendo. Grades were from 8th to 1st.[2]
In the 1890s, the Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society introduced the dan and kyū ranking system to other martial arts in Japan.[3]
In Japanese martial arts, kyū-level practitioners hold the ranks below dan or black belt. The kyū ranking system varies from art to art and school to school. In some arts, all the kyū-level practitioners wear white belts while in others different coloured belts, tags or stripes are used; in kendo and aikido there are not usually external indicators of grade. Although some aikido schools do use a coloured belt system the norm is for kyū grades to wear a white belt, and for dan grades to wear a black belt.[4] Kyū-level practitioners are often called mudansha (無段者), "ones without dan" and are considered as initiates rather than students. When practitioners have reached the ranking of first degree black belt, they become shodansha (初段者). The holder of a black belt of any degree is a yūdansha (有段者), "one with dan".
The organizations of martial arts are not only issuers, but the organizations of academic tests also issue Kyū grading system and dan ranking system. Some organizations of academic tests started Kyū ranking system to measure the candidates' ability. For instance, the Japanese Kanji Aptitude Test Association issue the gradings from 10th to 1st Kyū, and it also provides Pre-1st and Pre 2nd Kyū.[5]
Some martial arts refer to the kyū ranks entirely in Japanese. Kyū ranks progress takes descending order system, so 1st kyū is the highest. For example, the first kyū outranks the 2nd kyū. The Dan ranking system starts after 1st kyū.
Pre-1st kyū and pre-2nd kyū are used in examinations of languages, because it is often hard to pass the examinations at 1st and 2nd kyū.
| Grade | Pronunciation | Japanese |
|---|---|---|
| 1st (Highest) | Ikkyū | 1級 / 一級 |
| Pre 1st | Jun-Ikkyū | 準1級 / 準一級 |
| 2nd | Nikyū | 2級 / 二級 |
| Pre 2nd | Jun-Nikyū | 準2級 / 準二級 |
| 3rd | Sankyū | 3級 / 三級 |
| 4th | Yonkyū | 4級 / 四級 |
| 5th | Gokyū | 5級 / 五級 |
| 6th | Rokkyū | 6級 / 六級 |
| 7th | Nanakyū | 7級 / 七級 |
| 8th | Hakkyū / Hachikyu | 8級 / 八級 |
| 9th | Kyūkyū | 9級 / 九級 |
| 10th | Jukkyū | 10級 / 十級 |
| Non-Grade | Mukyū | 無級 |
The lowest kyū is sometimes called "Mukyū"(無級) which means "Non-Grade" in English. The lowest kyū depends on organizations. For instance, the United States Judo Federation has 12th kyū as the lowest grade for junior class, and 7th kyū as the lowest for adult class.
In Japan, the difficulty is classified into 3 categories as in the following list.
| Grade | Pronunciation | Japanese |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | Jōkyū | 上級 |
| Middle | Chūkyū | 中級 |
| Beginning | Shokyū | 初級 |
The grading system of Kyū is imported to China too. Kyū (級) in China is called "ji" (same character different pronunciation), and 1st kyu is the lowest as same as descending order. For example, the Chinese language test certified HSK uses 6th ji as the highest grade.
In some styles, students wear white belts until they receive their first dan rank or black belt, while in others a range of colors are used for different kyū grades. The wearing of coloured belts is often associated with kyū ranks, particularly in modern martial arts such as karate and judo (where the practice originated). However, there is no standard association of belt colours with particular ranks and different schools and organizations assign colours independently; see judo for examples of variation within an art. However, white is often the lowest ranked belt and brown is the highest kyū rank, and it is common to see the darker colors associated with the higher ranks, i.e. the closest to black belt.
The system of using different colored belts to mark rank is not universally accepted in the martial arts. Supporters of the belt colors point out their use as a simple visual key for experience, such as in matching opponents for sparring, allowing opponents to somewhat accurately judge each other's skill, and to split them for competitions.[6] Those who oppose the use of coloured belts are also often concerned that students will worry too much about relative rank, and become arrogant with trivial promotions and differences,[7]while supporters feel that by providing small signs of success and recognition, students are more confident, and their training is more structured, and that the ranking system encourages higher ranked students to assist lower ranked ones, and lower ranked students to respect their seniors.
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