Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines

The modern system of ranked Shinto shrines (近代社格制度 Kindai Shakaku Seido?) (sometimes called simply shakaku (社格?), was an organizational aspect of the establishment of Japanese State Shinto. This system classified Shinto shrines as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into

  1. Imperial shrines (kampeisha), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and
  2. National shrines (kokuheisha), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.[1]

Contents

History

In 1871, an Imperial decree established a hierarchic ranking of Shinto shrines. These rankings were set aside in 1946, when State Shinto was officially abolished.

Kanpei-sha

In 1871, the Kanpei-sha (官幣社?) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines most closely associated with the Imperial family.[2] The kampeisha were shrines venerated by the imperial family. This category encompasses those sanctuaries enshrining emperors, imperial family members, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family.[1]

Imperial shrines, 1st rank

The most highly ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社?) encompassed 67 sanctuaries.[2]

name location notes
Kamo-wakeikazuchi jinja[2] Kita-ku, Kyoto ichinomiya of Yamashiro Province; one of the Twenty-two Shrines; Wake-ikazuchi-no-kami
Kamo-mioya jinja[2] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto ichinomiya of Yamashiro Province; one of the Twenty-two Shrines; Tamayori-hime-no-mikoto; Kamo Taeketsunumi-no-mikoto
Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū[2] Yawata, Kyoto One of the Twenty-two Shrines; Homuda-wakeno-mikoto (Emperor Ojin); Okinaga-tarashi-hime-no-mikoto (Empress Jingu)
Matsunoo taisha[2] Ukyō-ku, Kyoto one of the Twenty-two Shrines; Oyamagui-no-mikoto; Nakatsushima-hime-no-mikoto
Hirano jinja[2] Kita-ku, Kyoto one of the Twenty-two Shrines;Imakino-kami, Kudo-no-kami; Furuaki-no-kami, Hime-kami
Fushimi Inari-taisha[2] Fushimi-ku, Kyoto one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Ōmiwa jinja[2] Sakurai, Nara ichinomiya of Yamato Province; one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Ōyamato jinja[2] Tenri, Nara one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Isonokami jingū[3] Tenri, Nara one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Kasuga taisha[4] Nara, Nara one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Hirose taisha[2] Kawai, Nara one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Tatsuta taisha[2] Sangō, Nara one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Nibu-kawakami jinja[2] Higashiyoshino, Nara one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Hiraoka jinja[2] Higashiosaka, Osaka ichinomiya of Kawachi Province
Ōtori taisha[5] Sakai, Osaka ichinomiya of Izumi Province
Sumiyoshi taisha[5] Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka ichinomiya of Settsu Province; one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Ikukunitama jinja[5] Tennōji-ku, Osaka
Hirota jinja[5] Nishinomiya, Hyōgo one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Hikawa jinja[6] Saitama, Saitama ichinomiya of Musashi Province
Awa jinja[5] Tateyama, Chiba ichinomiya of Awa Province
Katori jingū[7] Katori, Chiba ichinomiya of Shimosa Province
Kashima jingū[5] Kashima, Ibaraki ichinomiya of Hitachi Province
Mishima taisha[5] Mishima, Shizuoka ichinomiya of Izu Province
Atsuta jingū[8] Atsuta-ku, Nagoya
Hinokuma jingū[5] Wakayama, Wakayama ichinomiya of Kii Province
Kunikakasu jingū[5] Wakayama, Wakayama ichinomiya of Kii Province
Izumo taisha[5] Izumo, Shimane ichinomiya of Izumo Province
Usa jingū[5] Usa, Ōita ichinomiya of Buzen Province
Izanagi jingū[5] Awaji, Hyōgo ichinomiya of Awaji Province
Kashii-gū[5] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka
Miyazaki jingū[5] Miyazaki, Miyazaki
Kashihara jinjū[5] Kashihara, Nara
Heian jingū[5] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto
Kehi jingū[5] Tsuruga, Fukui ichinomiya of Echizen Province
Kagoshima jingū[5] Kirishima, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Ōsumi Province
Udo jingū[5] Nichinan, Miyazaki
Asama jinja[5] Fujinomiya, Shizuoka[9] Konohana-sakuya-hime-no-mitoko
Takebe jinja[5] Ōtsu, Shiga[10] Yamato-takeru-no-mitoko
Hokkaidō jingū[11] Sapporo, Hokkaidō ichinomiya of Ezo Province
Munakata taisha[5] Munakata, Fukuoka
Yoshino jinjū[12] Yoshino, Nara
Taiwan jingū[13] Taipei, Taiwan now extinct
Karafuto jinja[13] Toyohara, Karafuto now extinct
Yasaka jinja[13] Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Itsukushima jinja[13] Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima ichinomiya of Aki Province
Hie jinja[6] Chiyoda, Tokyo Oyamagui-no-kami
Suwa Taisha[13] Suwa, Nagano ichinomiya of Shinano Province
Kamayama jinja[13] Wakayama, Wakayama
Hakozaki-gū[13] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province
Aso jinja[13] Aso, Kumamoto ichinomiya of Higo Province
Taga taisha[13] Taga, Shiga
Kirishima jingū[13] Kirishima, Kagoshima
Chōsen jingū[13] Seoul, Korea now extinct
Ōmi jingū[13] Ōtsu, Shiga
Gassan jinja Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Three Mountains of Dewa
Meiji jingū[14] Shibuya, Tokyo
Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha[15] Fujinomiya, Shizuoka ichinomiya of Suruga Province
Hiyoshi taisha[2] Ōtsu, Shiga one of the Twenty-Two Shrines
Takebe taisha Ōtsu, Shiga ichinomiya of Ōmi Province
Kumano Hongū taisha Tanabe, Wakayama
Kumano Hayatama taisha Shingū, Wakayama
Niutsuhime jinja Katsuragi, Wakayama ichinomiya of Kii Province
Fuyo jinja Buyeo County, Korea now extinct
Kantō jingū Ryōjun, Kwantung Leased Territory now extinct
Nan'yō jinja[16] Koror, Palau Amaterasu Ōmikami. holy relics and kami were evacuated by submarine in 1944[17]

Imperial shrines, 2nd rank

The mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei-chūsha (官幣中社?) included 23 sanctuaries.[5]

name location notes
Shiramine jingū[18] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Emperor Junnin; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Akama jingū[13] Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Emperor Antoku; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Minase jinja[18] Shimamoto, Osaka Emperor Go-Toba, Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Juntoku; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Kamakura-gū[13] Kamakura, Kanagawa[19] Morinaga-shinnō
Iinoya-gū[13] Kita-ku, Hamamatsu[20] Munenaga-shinnō
Yatsushiro-no-miya[13] Yatsushiro, Kumamoto[21] Kanenaga-shinnō, Nganari--shinnō
Umenomiya jinja.[13] Ukyō-ku, Kyoto[22] Sakatoke-no-kami, Ōwakako-no-kami, Satatokeko-no-kami
Kifune jinja.[13] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Kuraokami-no-kami
Ōharano jinja.[13] Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto.[13] Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko, Iwainushi-no-mitoko, Hime-kami
Yoshida jinja.[13] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko, Iwainushi-no-mitoko, Hime-kami
Kitano Tenman-gū.[13] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Sugawara no Michizane
Tsukiyomi jinja.[13] Unzen Tsukiomi-no-mitoko
Kanasana jinja.[13] Kamikawa, Saitama[23] Amaterasu Ōmikami, Susanoo-no-mikoto
Ikasuri jinja Chūō-ku, Osaka ichinomiya of Settsu Province
Hikosan jingū Soeda, Fukuoka
Yatsushiro-gū Yatsushiro, Kumamoto
Kanegazaki-no-miya[24] Tsuruga, Fukui[25] Takangaga-shinno, Tsunenaga-shinnō
Dazaifu Tenman-gū.[24] Dazaifu, Fukuoka Sugawara no Michizane
Ikuta jinja[24] Chūō-ku, Kobe Waka-hirume-no-mitoko
Nagata jinja.[24] Nagata-ku, Kobe[26] Kotohshironushi-no-mitoko
Watatsumi jinja (Tarumi jinja).[24] Tarumi-ku, Kobe, Harima Waka-hirume-no-mitoko
Ehikoyama jinja.[24] Hikozan, Buzen Ame no Oshihone-no-mitoko (Ame-n-oshiho-mimi-no-mitoko)
Sumiyoshi jinja[24] Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi[27] ichinomiya of Nagato Province; the aramitama of the Sun Goddess, Tsuki-sasaki-itsu no mitama-amasakaru-muka-tsu-hime-no- mitoko
Kibitsu jinja[24] Okayama, Okayama ichinomiya of Bitchū Province, this temple holds the longest Japanese Odachi, which has a length of 377 cm (11 feet); Ōkibitsu-hiko-no-mitoko, son of Emperor Korei
Kumano Nachi taisha[24] Nachikatsuura, Wakayama[28] ichinomiya of Kii Province; Ketsumiko, Kumano Hayatama-no-kami, Kumano Fusumi-no-kami
Itakeso jinja[24] Wakayama, Wakayama[29] Ōya-hiko-no-mitoko
Mikami jinja[24] Yasu, Shiga[30] Ame-no-mikage-no-mikoto
Tainan jinja.[24] Tainan, Taiwan now extinct; Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa-no-mitoko

Imperial shrines, 3rd rank

The lowest ranked among the Imperial shrines or Kanpei-shōsha (官幣小社?) were five sanctuaries.[24]

name location notes
Ōkunitama jinja.[24] Fuchū, Tokyo[31] Musashi no Ōkuni-tama-no-kami
Shigaumi jinja.[24] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka[32] Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto
Sumiyoshi Jinja.[24] Hakata-ku, Fukuoka[33] ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province; Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto
Kamado jinja.[24] Dazaifu, Fukuoka[34] Tamayori-hime
Naminoue jinja.[24] Naha, Okinawa[35] ichinomiya of Ryūkyū; Hayatama-no-o, Izanami, Kotosaka-no-o-no-mikoto

Other Imperial shrines

In addition to the officially ranked Imperial shrines, there were also other shrines at which the kami of emperors were venerated.[24]

name location notes
Annei-tennō-sha.[24] Shirakashi, Yamato Emperor Annei
Futarayama jinja.[24] Utsunomiya, Shimotsuke Toyoki-iri-hoko no mikoto, son of Emperor Sujin
Anaho jinja.[24] Anaho, Ōmi Emperor Keikō
Hashirimizu jinja.[24] Uraga, Sagami Ototachibana-hime, wife of Yamato-takeru no mikoto
Uji jinja.[36] Uji, Yamashiro Uji no Waki-iratsuko-no-miko
Takatsu no miya.[36] Osaka, Settsu Emperor Nintoku
Okenomiko.[36] Takaichi, Yamato Emperor Kenzō
O-hatsuse-waka-sasagi no jinja.[36] Takaichi, Yamato Emperor Buretsu
Goryō jinja.[36] Ishiyama, Ōmi Emperor Kobun
Misu jinja.[36] Yokoōji, Yamashiro Emperor Temmu
Sudō jinja.[36] Shūgaku-in, Yamashiro Prince Sawara (posthumously elevated, Sudō-tennō)
Seiwa-tennō-sha.[36] Saga, Yamashiro Emperor Seiwa
Moriya no Yashino.[36] Karuma, Yamashiro Korenaga-shinnō, son of Emperor Montoku
Suiten-gū.[36] Kurume, Chikugo Emperor Antoku
Fukuōji no jinja.[36] Hanazono, Yamashiro Hanshi-kōgō, empress-consort of Emperor Kōkō
Takakura jinja.[36] Umekura, Yamashiro Mochihito-ō, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa
Shishō jinja.[36] Totsugawa, Yamato Emperor Chōkei

Kokuhei-sha

The Kokuhei-sha (国幣社?) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines with national significance. The kokuheisha enshrined kami considered beneficial to more local areas.[1]

National Shrines, 1st rank

The most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Taisha (国幣大?) were six sanctuaries.

name location notes
Keta taisha Hakui, Ishikawa ichinomiya of Noto Province
Nangū taisha Tarui, Gifu ichinomiya of Mino Province
Tado taisha Kuwana, Mie
Kumano taisha Matsue, Shimane ichinomiya of Izumo Province
Ōyamazumi jinja Imabari, Ehime ichinomiya of Iyo Province
Kōra taisha Kurume, Fukuoka ichinomiya of Chikugo Province

National Shrines, 2nd rank

The mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Chūsha (国幣中社?) encompassed 47 sanctuaries.

name location notes
Hakodate Hachiman-gū Hakodate, Hokkaidō
Shiogama jinja Shiogama, Miyagi ichinomiya of Mutsu Province
Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi jinja Yuza, Yamagata ichinomiya of Dewa Province
Tsutsukowake jinja Tanagura, Fukushima ichinomiya of Mutsu Province
Isasumi jinja Aizumisato, Fukushima ichinomiya of Iwashiro Province
Nikkō Futrasan jinja Nikkō, Tochigi ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province
Utsunomiya Futarasan jinja Utsunomiya, Tochigi ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province
Ichinomiya Nukisaki jinja Tomioka, Gunma ichinomiya of Kōzuke Province
Ōarai Isozaki jinja Ōarai, Ibaraki
Sakatsura Isozaki jinja Hitachinaka, Ibaraki
Tamasaki jinja Ichinomiya, Chiba ichinomiya of Kazusa Province
Samukawa jinja Samukawa, Kanagawa ichinomiya of Sagami Province
Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Kamakura, Kanagawa
Ichinomiya Asama jinja Fuefuki, Yamanashi ichinomiya of Kai Province
Ikushima Tarushima jinja Ueda, Nagano
Iyahiko jinja Yahiko, Niigata ichinomiya of Echigo Province
Imizu jinja Takaoka, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province
Shirayamahime jinja Hakusan, Ishikawa ichinomiya of Kaga Province
Wakasahiko jinja Obama, Fukui ichinomiya of Wakasa Province
Masumida jinja Ichinomiya, Aichi ichinomiya of Owari Province
Ōagata jinja Inuyama, Aichi
Aekuni jinja Iga, Mie ichinomiya of Iga Province
Izumo daijingu Kameoka, Kyoto ichinomiya of Tamba Province
Komori jinja Miyazu, Kyoto ichinomiya of Tango Province
Izushi jinja Toyooka, Hyōgo ichinomiya of Tajima Province
Iwa jinja Shisō, Hyōgo ichinomiya of Harima Province
Nakayama jinja Tsuyama, Okayama ichinomiya of Mimasaka Province
Ani jinja Okayama, Okayama ichinomiya of Bizen Province
Hayatani jinja Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima
Ube jinja Tottori, Tottori ichinomiya of Inaba Province
Mizuwakasu jinja Okinoshima, Shimane ichinomiya of Oki Province
Miho jinja Matsue, Shimane
Tamanooya jinja Hōfu, Yamaguchi ichinomiya of Suō Province
Tamura jinja Takamatsu, Kagawa ichinomiya of Sanuki Province
Kotohira-gu Kotohira, Kagawa
Isono jinja Saijō, Ehime
Inbe jinja Tokushima, Tokushima
Ōasahiko jinja Naruto, Tokushima ichinomiya of Awa Province
Tosa jinja Kōchi, Kōchi ichinomiya of Tosa Province
Nishimuta jinja Ōita, Ōita ichinomiya of Bungo Province
Tajima jinja Karatsu, Saga
Sumiyoshi jinja Iki, Nagasaki
Watasumi jinja Tsushima, Nagasaki ichinomiya of Tsushima Province
Chinzei Taisha Suwa jinja Nagasaki, Nagasaki
Nitta jinja Satsumasendai, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Satsuma Province

National Shrines, 3rd rank

The lowest ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Shōsha (国幣小社?) included 50 sanctuaries.

name location notes
Iwakiyama jinja Hirosaki, Aomori ichinomiya of Tsugaru Province
Koshiō jinja Akita, Akita
Komagata jinja Ōshū, Iwate ichinomiya of Rikuchu Province
Dewa jinja Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Dewa Sanzan
Yudonosan jinja Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Dewa Sanzan
Chichibu jinja Chichibu, Saitama ichinomiya of Chichibu Province
Hakone jinja Hakone, Kanagawa
Oguni jinja Mori, Shizuoka ichinomiya of Tōtōmi Province
Shizuoka Sengen jinja Aoi-ku, Shizuoka
Izusan jinja Atami, Shizuoka
Togakushi jinja Nagano, Nagano
Hotaka jinja Azumino, Nagano
Watatsu jinja Sado, Niigata ichinomiya of Sado Province
Takase jinja Nanto, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province
Oyama jinja Tateyama, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province
Sugōisobe Jinja Kaga, Ishikawa
Tsurugi jinja Echizen, Fukui
Hida Ichinomiya Minashi jinja Takayama, Gifu ichinomiya of Hida Province
Inaba jinja Gifu, Gifu
Toga jinja Toyokawa, Aichi ichinomiya of Mikawa Province
Tsushima jinja Tsushima, Aichi
Owari Ōkunitama jinja Inazawa, Aichi
Kibitsuhiko jinja Okayama, Okayama ichinomiya of Bizen Province
Kibitsu jinja Fukuyama, Hiroshima ichinomiya of Bingo Province
Nunakuma jinja Fukuyama, Hiroshima
Ōgamiyama jinja Yonago, Tottori
Shitori jinja Yurihama, Tottori ichinomiya of Hōki Province
Hinomisaki jinja Izumo, Shimane
Mononobe jinja Ōda, Shimane ichinomiya of Iwami Province
Susa jinja Izumo, Shimane
Sada jinja Matsue, Shimane
Iminomiya jinja Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi
Chiriku Hachiman jinja Miyaki, Saga ichinomiya of Buzen Province
Yusuhara Hachiman jinja Oita, Oita ichinomiya of Bungo Province
Fujisaki Hachiman jinja Kumamoto, Kumamoto
Tsuno jinja Tsuno, Miyazaki ichinomiya of Hyūga Province
Hirakiki jinja Ibusuki, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Satsuma Province
Keijo Jinja Seoul, Korea extinct
Ryūtōzan Jinja Busan, Korea extinct
Taikyu Jinja Daegu, Korea extinct
Heijō Jinja Pyongyang, Korea extinct
Kōshū Jinja Gwangju, Korea extinct
Kōgen Jinja Chuncheon, Korea extinct
Zenshū Jinja Jeonju, Korea extinct
Kankō Jinja Hamhung, Korea extinct
Shinchiku Jinja Hsinchu, Taiwan extinct
Taichu Jinja Hsinchu, Taiwan extinct
Kagi Jinja Chiayi, Taiwan extinct

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University: Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms, Kampei Taisha.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 124.
  3. ^ Nara National Museum: No. 31, Map of the Precincts of Kanpei Taisha Isonokami Shrine
  4. ^ National Diet Library (NDL): Kanpei Taisha Kasuga Jinja
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 125.
  6. ^ a b Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical pursuits: religion, politics, and personal cultivation in nineteenth-century Japan, p. 312 n15.
  7. ^ Chiba prefectural government: Chiba, Katori Shrine
  8. ^ Encyclopedia of Shinto: Atsuta Shinkō
  9. ^ Asama Shrine: Fujinomiya, Shizuoka = Ōmiya in Suruga province
  10. ^ Takebe Taisha: Ōtsu, Shiga = Seta in Ōmi province
  11. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1963) The Vicissitudes of Shinto, p. 328.
  12. ^ NDL: Kanpei Taisha Yoshino Jingu
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126.
  14. ^ Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: ways of the Kami, p. 276.
  15. ^ Bernstein, Andrew. "Whose Fuji?: Religion, Region, and State in the Fight for a National Symbol," Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 63, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 51-99; Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 125.
  16. ^ Peattie, Mark R. (1988). Nanʻyō: the rise and fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945, pp. 225-229; n.b., construction completed in 1941
  17. ^ Peattie, p. 339 n61.
  18. ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
  19. ^ Kamakura-gū: Kamakura, Kanagawa = Kamakura in Sagami province
  20. ^ Iinoya-gū:Kita-ku, Hamamatsu = Iya in Tōtōmi province.
  21. ^ Yatsushiro Shrine: Yatsushiro, Kumamoto = Yatsushiro in Higo province
  22. ^ Umenomiya Shrine: Ukyō-ku, Kyoto = Umetsu in Yamashiro province
  23. ^ Kanasana Shrine: Kamikawa, Saitama = Aoyagi in Musashi province.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 127.
  25. ^ Kanegazaki Shrine: Tsuruga, Fukui = Tsuruga in Echizen province
  26. ^ Nagata Shrine: Nagata-ku, Kobe = Kobe in Settsu province.
  27. ^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi = Katsuyama in Nagato province
  28. ^ Kumano Nachi Taisha: Nachikatsuura, Wakayama = Nachi in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 Kii no Kuni?) = Kishū (紀州), was a province of Honshū in Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture.
  29. ^ Itakeso Shrine: Wakayama, Wakayama = Nishiyama Higashimura in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 Kii no Kuni?) = Kishū (紀州)
  30. ^ Mikami Shrine: Yasu, Shiga = Mikamimura in Ōmi province
  31. ^ Ōkunitama jinja at Fuchū, Tokyo = Fuchū in Musashi province
  32. ^ Shigaumi Shrine: Higashi-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka, Chikuzen province
  33. ^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Hakata-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
  34. ^ Kamado Shrine: Dazaifu, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
  35. ^ Naminoe Shrine: Naha, Okinawa = Wakasa on Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Kingdom
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 128.

References