La Marseillaise

La Marseillaise

English: The Song of Marseille
Rouget de Lisle, composer of the Marseillaise, sings it for the first time at the home of Dietrich, Mayor of Strasbourg (Musée historique de Strasbourg, published 1849, artist Isidore Pils)
National anthem of  France
Lyrics	Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, 1792
Music	Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, 1792
Adopted	1795
Music sample
La Marseillaise (instrumental)

"La Marseillaise" ("The Song of Marseille"; French pronunciation: [la maʁsɛˈjɛz]) is the national anthem of France. The song, originally titled "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine") was written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in 1792. The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The name of the song is due to first being sung on the streets by volunteers from Marseille.

The song is the first example of the "European march" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music (see below: Musical quotations).

Contents 1 History 2 Arrangements 3 Musical quotations 4 Musical antecedents 5 Text 6 Additional verses 7 Historical use in Russia 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

History

Rouget de Lisle completed the song Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin in Strasbourg. He dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian in French service from Cham. The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as La Marseillaise after the melody was first sung on the streets by volunteers (fédérés in French) from Marseille. These fédérés were making their entryway into Paris on 30 July 1792 after a young volunteer from Montpellier called François Mireur had sung it at a patriotic gathering in Marseille, and the troops adopted it as the marching song of the National Guard of Marseille. A newly graduated medical doctor, Mireur, later became a general under Napoléon Bonaparte and died in Egypt at age 28.

The song's lyrics reflect the invasion of France by foreign armies (from Prussia and Austria), underway when it was written; Strasbourg itself was attacked just a few days later. The invading forces were repulsed from France following their defeat in the Battle of Valmy.

La Marseillaise was met with levée en masse.

The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on 14 July 1795, making it France's first anthem.^[1] It later lost this status under Napoleon I, and the song was banned outright by Louis XVIII and Napoleon III, only being re-instated briefly after the July Revolution of 1830.^[2] During Napoleon I's reign, Veillons au Salut de l'Empire was the unofficial anthem of the regime, and in Napoleon III's reign, it was Partant pour la Syrie. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, "La Marseillaise" was recognised as the anthem of the international revolutionary movement, and in 1871, it had been adopted by the Paris Commune. Eight years later in 1879, it was restored as France's national anthem, and has remained so ever since.

Arrangements

"La Marseillaise" was arranged for soprano, chorus and orchestra by Hector Berlioz in about 1830.

Franz Liszt wrote a piano transcription of the anthem.

During World War I, bandleader James Reese Europe played a jazz version of "La Marseillaise", which can be heard on Part 2 of the Ken Burns TV documentary Jazz.

Serge Gainsbourg recorded a reggae version in 1978, titled "Aux Armes, Et Caetera".

Henrik Wergeland wrote a Norwegian version of the song in 1831, called "The Norwegian Marseillaise".

In Peru and Chile, both the Partido Aprista Peruano and the Socialist Party of Chile wrote their own versions of "La Marseillaise" to be their anthems.

This song was also sung by Mireille Mathieu with some lyrics jump.

Musical quotations

During the French Revolution, Giuseppe Cambini published Patriotic Airs for Two Violins, in which the song is quoted literally and as a variation theme, with other patriotic songs.

Gioachino Rossini quotes "La Marseillaise" in the second act of his opera Semiramide (1823).

Robert Schumann used part of "La Marseillaise" for his 1840 setting (Op. 49, No. 1) of Heinrich Heine's poem "Die Beiden Grenadiere" (The Two Grenadiers). The quotation appears at the end of the song when the old French soldier dies. Schumann also incorporated "La Marseillaise" as a major motif in his overture Hermann und Dorothea, inspired by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and quotes it, in waltz rhythm, in the first movement of Faschingsschwank aus Wien, for solo piano.

Richard Wagner also quotes from "La Marseillaise" in his 1839-40 setting of a French translation of Heine's poem.

Giuseppe Verdi quotes from "La Marseillaise" in his patriotic anthem Hymn of the Nations, which also incorporates God Save the King and Il Canto degli Italiani. In his 1944 film, the Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini also incorporated The Internationale for the Soviet Union and The Star Spangled Banner representing the United States.

In 1882, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky quoted "La Marseillaise" to represent the invading French army in his 1812 Overture. He also quoted the Russian national anthem he was familiar with, to represent the Russian army. However, neither of these anthems was actually in use back in 1812.

In 1896, Umberto Giordano briefly quoted the anthem in his opera Andrea Chénier.

Claude Debussy quotes the anthem in the coda of his piano prelude, Feux d'artifice.

Edward Elgar quoted the opening of "La Marseillaise" in his choral work The Music Makers, Op. 69 (1912), based on Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, at the line "We fashion an empire's glory", where he also quotes the opening phrase of "Rule, Britannia!".

Max Steiner weaves quotes from "La Marseillaise" throughout his score for the 1942 film Casablanca. It also forms an important plot element when patrons of Rick's "Café Américain" sing part of the actual song to drown out Nazi officers who had started singing "Die Wacht am Rhein".

The Beatles hit single of 1967, "All You Need is Love", used the opening bars of "La Marseillaise" as an introduction.

In 2009, Thrash Metal band Metallica played their version of "La Marseillaise" as an intro to "Master Of Puppets". This was recorded live as part of their DVD Français Pour Une Nuit ("French for a Night") from Nimes.

Musical antecedents

Several musical antecedents have been cited for the melody:

• Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 25
• the credo of the fourth mass of Holtzmann of Mursberg^[3]
• the Oratorio Esther by Jean Baptiste Lucien Grison^[4]

Text

Only the first verse (and sometimes the sixth and seventh) and the first chorus are sung today in France. There are some slight historical variations in the lyrics of the song; the following is the version listed at the official website of the French Presidency.^[5]

• FP National anthem (MP3 audio file).

Additional verses

These verses were omitted from the national anthem for unknown reasons.

Historical use in Russia

In Russia, La Marseillaise was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by those who knew French starting in the 18th century, almost simultaneously with its adoption in France. In 1875 Peter Lavrov, a narodist revolutionary and theorist, wrote a Russian-language text (not a translation of the French one) to the same melody. This "Worker's Marseillaise" became one of the most popular revolutionary songs in Russia and was used in the Revolution of 1905. After the February Revolution of 1917, it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the new Russian republic. Even after the October Revolution, it remained in use for a while alongside The Internationale.^[8]

In popular culture

Music

• Django Reinhardt used the theme in "Échos de France"
• The Beatles used the song as an introduction to "All You Need Is Love"
• The anarcho-punk band Crass used the main theme and other extracts in both unaltered form and variations in their song "Bloody Revolutions".
• Thunderclap Newman incorporated the song into their 1969 single "Something in the Air".
• Neil Hannon used the primary melody for The Divine Comedy's 1996 single "Frog Princess"
• Jimi Hendrix during an 1967 Paris concert, played a psychedelic version of the anthem. A video recording of the concert was immediately confiscated by the French government due to the perceived insult to national heritage.
• Frank Sinatra, as part of French Foreign Legion
• In 1978, Serge Gainsbourg recorded a reggae version, "Aux armes et cætera", with Robbie Shakespeare, Sly Dunbar and Rita Marley in the choir in Jamaica, which resulted in him being threatened by members of an association of former paratroopers, who wanted to prevent him from singing it in a public concert.
• The Slovenian industrial/techno music group Laibach’s album Volk features a version, with Laibach’s own lyrics. The album Volk (album) is entirely composed of songs which are based on various national anthems.
• Allan Sherman, You Went the Wrong Way, Old King Louie begins with a parody of the Marseillaise before heading into a recitative and then settling into a parody of You’ve Come a long Way from St. Louis. His version begins, “Louis the Sixteenth was the king of France in 1789 / He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth, he was worse than Louis the Fourteenth, he was worse than Louis the Thirteenth/He was the worst, since Louis the First!”)
• There are various versions of the music. Sheet music can be found at marseillaise.org.^[9] An official version from the website of the French President can be found at the wayback machine's archive here: Wave File (660 KB).
• The German industrial band Einstürzende Neubauten use a piece of the Beatles' introduction to All You Need Is Love in their song Headcleaner I on the album Tabula Rasa which also contains lyrical references to the earlier mentioned Beatles song.
• The Finnish Cello Metal band Apocalyptica incorporated the song into their live performance of "In the Hall of the Mountain King" in Paris, 31 October 2010.^[10]
• Hong Kong singer Hacken Lee integrated the anthem as an opening to his World Cup 1998 theme song "The Strange Encounters of a Soccer Fan."

Opera and theatre

• "La Marseillaise" is quoted in Rossini's 1813 opera, L'italiana in Algeri during the choral introduction to Isabella's 2nd act aria "Pensa alla patria." This quotation, as well as the patriotic subject matter of the aria, caused the aria to be heavily censored in pre-unification 19th century Italy.
• The song's theme was used by Jacques Offenbach in his Opera "Orpheus in the Underworld" to illustrate a revolution amongst the Olympic gods and goddesses with the lines "Aux armes Dieux et Demi-Dieux".
• The song occurs in the Monty Python's Broadway musical Spamalot" when confronted by French knights in the song "Run Away!"
• The song was also sung by Mireille Mathieu

Films and television

• "La Marseillaise" was famously used in Casablanca at the behest of Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid) to drown out a group of German soldiers singing "Die Wacht am Rhein".
• "La Marseillaise" was used in the film, Escape to Victory, also known as Victory.
• In the autobiographical movie La Vie en Rose, chronicling the life of Edith Piaf, ten-year-old Edith is urged by her acrobat father to "do something" in the middle of a lackluster show and she amazes the audience with an emotional rendition of "La Marseillaise".
• The introductory theme in the film Carry on Abroad includes the first few seconds of "La Marsellaise", despite the fact the film is set in Spain.
• The tune is used for the Anthem of Springfield in The Simpsons Movie. It is played behind the end credits with the words "Springfield doesn't have an anthem, We thought we had one, but we don't ... The tune we stole from the French..." It was supposed to be played when the bomb has just came but it was cut.^[11]
• The song is featured in the Monty Python sketches, "A Man with a Tape Recorder up His Nose" and "A Man with a Tape Recorder up His Brother's Nose"
• The British comedy series 'Allo 'Allo! spoofed Casablanca by having the patriotic French characters start singing "La Marseillaise", only to switch to Deutschlandlied when Nazi officers enter their cafe.
• In the cartoon I Am Weasel, when the character I.R. Baboon tries to make a transatlantic bridge from the United States to France, he mistakenly builds it to Mexico. When he reaches the end, he sings a song with a similar tune.
• In the Mr. Otis Regrets episode of Cheers, after Sam lies about a tryst with Robin Colcord's French mistress enough to make Rebecca insecure enough to get Sam to teach her, he says he's going to "invade France!" in turn Cliff, Norm, Frasier, and the rest of the bar line up, humming "La Marseillaise", as he marches in front of them then into Rebecca's office.
• In the Irish comedy Father Ted, Father Jack Hackett stands up and puts his hand on his heart any time that he hears it played.
• In Two and a Half Men, Alan clucks (like a chicken) in the tune of La Marseillaise, after Charlie flees from an ex-lover's husband. Charlie insultingly called Alan 'French' when he called fighting pointless.

Sports

• The Brisbane Lions Australian rules football (AFL) team theme song "The Pride of Brisbane Town" is sung to the music of "La Marseillaise". This song was adapted from the Fitzroy Lions song, also sung to the same music, used since the 1950s.
• An English language "rugby song" version exists, as known in France among rugby fans.^[12]
• Pro wrestler Dino Bravo used it as his entrance theme in the WWE.
• It is used in the Punch-Out series, as the French boxer Glass Joe's intro music

Literature

• At the end of Guy de Maupassant's novella Boule de Suif, which is set against the backdrop of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the character Cornudet whistles and sings "La Marsellaise" for hours during a long carriage ride in order to torment his fellow passengers, who have revealed themselves to be cowards and hypocrites, unworthy of the high ideals expressed in the anthem.
• It is also featured in Isaac Asimov's short science fiction story Battle-hymn about how the national anthem is used as a subliminal advertising ploy.

Other

• The carillon of the town hall in the Bavarian town of Cham plays "La Marseillaise" every day at 12.05 p.m. to commemorate the French Marshal Nicolas Luckner, who was born there.^[13]
• Short after the composition of the original song, the Greek revolutionary Rigas Feraios, composed the Greek version of La Marseillaise (Sons of Greeks, Arise!), that became the hymn of war against Ottoman rule and kind of Greek national anthem during the Greek War of Independence (1821-1830).^[14][15]
• The 19th-century Labour movement used a "Worker Marseillaise" (written 1864 by Jakob Audorf) that was later replaced by The Internationale. It was famously sung on the way to the gallows by those sentenced to death after the Haymarket Riot.
• In the game Populous, when a map is played on the Française landscape it opens with the first ten or so seconds of La Marseillaise.
• On the Belgian national holyday asked by a Walloon journalist, if he knew his national anthem in French, former Prime Minister Yves Leterme, a native speaker of Dutch, without giving it a moment of thought, fluently sang the first line bestknown in France instead of the "Brabançonne". His televised confounding was funny to Flanders, but reactions by Walloon media and politicians required Leterme to make a public apology.^[16]

See also

• "Marche Henri IV", the national anthem of the Kingdom of France
• "La Marseillaise des Blancs", the Royal and Catholic variation
• Ah! ça ira, another famous anthem of the French Revolution
• "Belarusian Marseillaise", a patriotic song in Belarus
• "Onamo", a Montenegrin patriotic song popularly known as The "Serbian Marseillaise"

References

Notes

External links

• French Presidency website
• Instrumental Version of the French National Anthem
• Mireille Mathieu sings La Marseillaise
• La Marseillaise performed by Roberto Alagna
• La Marseillaise - Iain Patterson's comprehensive fansite features sheet music, history, and music files. A full length six verse version of the anthem performed by David Zinman and the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra & Chorus can be found in the Berlioz page.
• Adminet-France
• A Chinese rendition of the song from the film "Nie Er"
• Texts on Wikisource:
  • La Marseillaise
  • "Marseillaise". The American Cyclopædia. 1879. 
  • "Marseillaise". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
  • James Wood (1907). "Marseillaise, The". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 
  • "Marseillaise". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. 

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Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799) Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799) Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799) First Battle of Zürich (4–7 Jun 1799) Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799) Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799) Second Battle of Zürich (25 and 26 Sep 1799) 1800 Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800) Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800) League of Armed Neutrality (1800–1802) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801) Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801) Battle of Algeciras (8 Jul 1801) 1802 Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)   Military leaders French army officers Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Louis Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessières Guillaume Marie Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine Louis-Nicolas Davout Louis Charles Antoine Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis-Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean-Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe Kellermann Jean-Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean-Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François-Séverin Marceau Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier Joachim Murat Michel Ney fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten Nicolas Oudinot Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon Charles Pichegru Józef Antoni Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult Louis Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno French naval officers Charles-Alexandre Linois Opposition military figures Sir Ralph Abercromby (British) József Alvinczi (Austrian) Archduke Charles of Austria Duke of Brunswick (Prussian) Count of Clerfayt (Walloon fighting for Austria) Luis Firmin de Carvajal (Spanish) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg (Russian) Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (Prussian) Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss in Austrian service) Count of Kalckreuth (Austrian) Alexander Korsakov (Russian) Pál Kray (Hungarian serving Austria) Prince of Lambesc (French in the service of Austria) Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon in the service of Austria) Karl Mack von Leiberich (Austrian) Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon fighting for Austria) Antonio Ricardos (Spanish) Sir James Saumarez (British admiral) Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Austrian) William V, Prince of Orange (Dutch) Sir Edward Pellew (British admiral) Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich (Austrian) Prince Heinrich XV Reuss of Plauen (Austrian) Alexander Suvorov (Russian) Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian in Austrian service) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf (Austrian) Dagobert von Wurmser (Austrian) Duke of York (British)   Other important figures and factions Royals and Royalists Charles X of France Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien Louis Henri, Prince of Condé Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé Louis Philippe of France Marie Antoinette Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de Laporte Jean-Sifrein Maury Mirabeau Jacques Necker Feuillants Antoine Barnave Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth Lafayette Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Montagnards Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras Georges Couthon Georges Danton Jacques Louis David Camille Desmoulins Roger Ducos Jean Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean-Paul Marat Prieur de la Côte-d'Or Prieur de la Marne Maximilien Robespierre Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint-André Louis de Saint-Just Jean-Lambert Tallien Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Hébertists Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Jacques Roux Bonapartists Napoléon Bonaparte de Cambacérès Jacques-Louis David Jean Debry Joseph Fesch Charles François Lebrun Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai Others Jean-Pierre-André Amar François-Noël Babeuf Jean Sylvain Bailly François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot André Chénier Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville Olympe de Gouges Father Henri Grégoire Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas Jacques-Donatien Le Ray Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau Pierre Louis Prieur Jean-François Rewbell Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux Marquis de Sade Antoine Christophe Saliceti Abbé Sieyès Madame de Staël Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target Catherine Théot Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean-Henri Voulland Enragés List of people associated with the French Revolution   Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Voltaire   The Bonapartes Joséphine de Beauharnais Joseph Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte   Cultural impact La Marseillaise Fabre d'Églantine French Tricolour Liberté, égalité, fraternité Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Sans-culottes Metric system Quatrevingt-treize A Tale of Two Cities The Scarlet Pimpernel Scaramouche La Révolution française Orphans of the Storm Danton