| Manzhouli 满洲里 |
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|---|---|
| — Sub-prefecture-level city — | |
| 满洲里市 | |
| Manzhouli Center | |
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Manzhouli
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| Coordinates: | |
| Country | China |
| Region | Inner Mongolia |
| Prefecture | Hulunbuir |
| Area | |
| • Total | 696.3 km2 (268.8 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 300,000 |
| • Density | 430.8/km2 (1,115.9/sq mi) |
| Time zone | China Standard (UTC+8) |
| Postal code | 021400 |
| Area code(s) | 0470 |
| Website | http://www.manzhouli.gov.cn/ |
Manzhouli (simplified Chinese: 满洲里; traditional Chinese: 滿洲里; pinyin: Mǎnzhōulǐ; Mongolian: Манжуур / Manǰuur, Russian: Маньчжу́рия / Маньчжоули́) is a sub-prefecture-level city located in Hulunbuir prefecture-level city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the PRC's busiest land port of entry. It has an area of 696.3 square kilometres (268.8 sq mi) and a population of more than 300,000 (in 2010).
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Manzhouli is located in the western part of the Hulunbuir prefecture-level city. To the east, south and west it borders New Barghu Left Banner and New Barghu Right Banner, also in Hulunbuir, and Russia to the north, with which it shares a border 54 kilometres (34 mi) long. The Russian townlet of Zabaykalsk is situated immediately north of Abagaitu Islet and Manzhouli.
Manzhouli is located on the Hulunbuir grasslands. Lake Hulun to its immediate south is the PRC's fifth largest freshwater lake with an area of 2,600 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) and an average depth of just 5 metres (16 ft).
| Climate data for Manzhouli | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −19 (−2) |
−14 (7) |
−4 (25) |
9 (48) |
18 (64) |
24 (75) |
26 (79) |
23 (73) |
17 (63) |
7 (45) |
−6 (21) |
−16 (3) |
5.4 (41.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −31 (−24) |
−29 (−20) |
−19 (−2) |
−6 (21) |
2 (36) |
10 (50) |
14 (57) |
11 (52) |
3 (37) |
−6 (21) |
−19 (−2) |
−28 (−18) |
−8.2 (17.3) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 1 (0.04) |
2 (0.08) |
3 (0.12) |
11 (0.43) |
20 (0.79) |
54 (2.13) |
108 (4.25) |
75 (2.95) |
36 (1.42) |
6 (0.24) |
2 (0.08) |
2 (0.08) |
320 (12.6) |
| Avg. rainy days | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 13 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 88 |
| Sunshine hours | 186 | 196 | 248 | 270 | 279 | 300 | 279 | 279 | 240 | 217 | 180 | 155 | 2,829 |
| Source: World Climate Guide | |||||||||||||
Manzhouli is divided into ten subdistricts and one town. Six of the subdistricts of Manzhouli are grouped into a district. Technically however, only a prefecture-level city (half a level higher than Manzhouli) can have districts, so Manzhouli's lone district is not officially listed.
In ancient times the area was inhabited by many tribes that lived in Manchuria, including the Donghu, the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Khitan, the Jurchen, and the Mongols. From the early Qing Dynasty onwards the Argun River, which originates in this area, became the border between the China and Russia.
In 1901, the China Far East Railway was completed in accordance with the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty of 1896, linking Siberia, Manchuria, and the Russian Far East. A settlement then formed around Manchzhuriya Station, the first stop within Manchuria for Russians. It was the beginning of the modern city of Manzhouli and the name of Manzhouli came from Russian Manchzhuriya (Маньчжурия i.e. Manchuria).
In 1905, Manzhouli was designated a trading center in the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1905, greatly boosting Manzhouli's growth. In 1908 the Manzhouli customs was set up. Under the Republic of China, Manzhouli came under the jurisdiction of the province of Hsingan. In 1927, Manzhouli was designated as a city. Although with Hsingan and surrounding areas, Manzhouli came under Japanese control in 1931, and was part of the Empire of Manchukuo from 1932-1945. It became part of Inner Mongolia under the People's Republic of China from 1946.
In 1992, Manzhouli became one of the first land border cities opened up by the People's Republic of China. It has since experienced somewhat of a boom as a center of border trade between China and Russia.[1]
Manzhouli Ice & Snow Festival takes place every winter from some time in February to early March. This is a smaller version of Harbin's Ice and Snow Festivals.
Manzhouli is China's busiest land port of entry, and is responsible for 60% of all imports from and exports to Eastern Europe.
95% of Manzhouli's population is Han Chinese. The remainder are Mongol, Manchu, or of other ethnicities.
Trains from Beijing to Moscow on the Trans-Manchurian branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway pass through here. There are also tourist lines to Chita, Krasnokamensk, Irkutsk, and Ulan Ude.
A break of gauge multi-modal transshipment facility is being completed in 2008 across the Russian border in Zabaikalsk.
Manzhouli Airport is located in the western part of the city. Passengers can fly to Beijing and the Inner Mongolia's capital city Hohhot from the airport.
Manzhouli is twinned with the following sister cities.[2]
| City | State | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Chita | Zabaykalsky Krai | Russia |
| Krasnokamensk | Zabaykalsky Krai | Russia |
| Ulan-Ude | Buryatia | Russia |
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