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The Maison du Roi (French pronunciation: [mɛzɔ̃ dy ʁwa], The King's Household) was the name of the military, domestic and religious entourage around the royal family in France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration; the exact composition and duties of its various divisions changed constantly over the Early Modern period. Officers of the Maison du Roi were directly responsible to the Grand maître de France (Chief Steward), although, starting in the 16th century and then from the 17th century on, the Maison du Roi was overseen by a ministry, the Département de la Maison du Roi, directed by a secretary of state, the Secrétaire d'État à la Maison du Roi. The structure of the Maison du Roi was officially reorganized under Henry III in 1578 and 1585; and in the 17th century by Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
The military branch of the "Maison du Roi" was the French Army Lifeguard brigade, made up of cavalry and infantry units. Officer rank was only open to gentlemen, though some of its units were drawn from elite troops among commoners in the rest of the army. It was not ceremonial and participated in all France's 16th and 17th century campaigns.
The Ecclesiastical Household of the king was headed by the Grand Almoner of France (Grand aumônier de France) (created by Francis I), most often a bishop. The king's chapel (la chapelle du roi) — which did not originally refer to a building, but to the religious entourage of the king — was in charge of the mass and religious ceremonies (marriages, baptisms) for the sovereign and the royal family, and the king's alms and public charities. It was headed by the Grand Almoner who was assisted by the First Almoner, who fulfilled the duties of the Grand Almoner when the latter was unable to. Other officers of the Maison ecclésiastique included several aumôniers ordinaires (who maintained the regular service of the chapel), the prédicateur du roi (or "king's preacher"), who preached in the presence of the king, and the king's confessor.
The royal chapel also included a group of ecclesiastics and musicians for the religious services, divided into two sections: the chapel and oratory (chapelle et oratoire) — directed by the master of the Oratory (maître de l'Oratoire) — which performed spoken masses, and the grande chapelle — directed by the master of the chapel (maître de la chapelle) — which performed masses in plainchant. In the reign of Louis XV, the musicians of the two chapels were united. Oversight was eventually transferred (in 1761) from the Ecclesiastical household to the King's Chamber and the position of master of the chapel was eliminated.
The "Maison du Roi civile", or domestic entourage of the king was divided into a number of departments, whose number varied over the years. Under Louis XIV it consisted of 22 departments. Each department was directed by the "grands officiers de la maison du roi de France" (a title similar to, but not the same as, "grand officier de la couronne de France"). From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the "Maison du Roi civile" consisted of around 1000 - 2000 individuals.
The most important departments were the following :
The largest of the departments, the "Bouche du roi" oversaw the meals of the king. It was run by the "Premier Maître d'hôtel". The seven offices of the department were:
Officers included: the Maître d'hôtel ordinaire, the 12 Maîtres d'hôtel servant par quartier, the Grand panetier, the Premier écuyer tranchant and the Grand échanson (three offices which had become purely honorific in the Early Modern period), and the 36 gentleman servants, etc.
Directed by the Grand Chambrier of France or Grand Chambellan of France, this department oversaw the king's rooms and his personal escort. After the "Bouche du roi", it was the second largest. It consist of 4 First Gentlemen of the chambre, the gentlemen of the chambre, the valets de chambre, the pages, the huissiers and the children of honor. Their proximity to the king made these charges particularly esteemed.
The complete name of this department was argenterie, menus plaisirs et affaires de la chambre du roi ("silver, small entertainments and affairs of the king's chamber"). The Menus-Plaisirs du Roi was in charge of theater decor, costumes and props for plays, ballets and other court entertainments. It was run by an intendant.
Created in 1585 by Henry III, this service was in charge of public ceremonies such as: baptisms, marriages and royal funerals, coronations and the "sacre" (or anointment), royal entries into towns, royal festivals, ambassadorial receptions, États généraux, etc. It was run by the Grand maître des cérémonies, assisted by the maître and the aide of cérémonies.
Divided in 1582 into two parts :
This was the king's hunting service, run by the Grand Veneur (the Master of the Hunt and Royal Game Warden), and consisting of the "vénerie" (hunting on horseback), "louveterie" (the hunt of wolves run by the Grand Louvetier), falcon hunting (run by the Grand Falconer) and the "vautrait" (boar hunt, run by the "Capitaine du vautrait" or "Capitaine des toiles").
The major offices of the royal household are sometimes listed as the "grands officiers de la maison du roi de France", not to be confused with the Great Officers of the Crown of France, with which it overlaps in part. Although lists of the Great Officers vary, the following are generally considered Great Officers of the Royal Household:
Domestic Household:
Military Household:
Starting in the 16th century and then from the 17th century on, the "Maison du Roi" was overseen by a ministry, the "Département de la Maison du Roi", directed by a secretary of state, the "Secrétaire d'État à la Maison du Roi", although this oversight was purely formal, as the officers of the "Maison du Roi" were under the direct authority of the Grand maître de France (Chief Steward of France). Moreover, in practice, the military branch of the Maison du Roi was run by the Minister of War. The "Secrétaire d'État à la Maison du Roi" was however in charge of recruiting officers for the "Maison du Roi", and would receive prospective applications for posts and submit them to the king for his approval.