| chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CCL3 |
| Alt. symbols | SCYA3, MIP-1α |
| Entrez | 6348 |
| HUGO | 10627 |
| OMIM | 182283 |
| PDB | 1B50 |
| RefSeq | NM_002983 |
| UniProt | P10147 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 17 q12 |
| chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 | |
|---|---|
| Molecular structure of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β decamer.[1] | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CCL4 |
| Alt. symbols | SCYA4, MIP-1β, LAG1 |
| Entrez | 6351 |
| HUGO | 10630 |
| OMIM | 182284 |
| PDB | 1HUM |
| RefSeq | NM_002984 |
| UniProt | P13236 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 17 q21-q23 |
Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), MIP-1 (CCL3) and MIP-1(CCL4) are chemokines crucial for immune responses towards infection and inflammation.[2] In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1α and MIP-1β that are now officially named CCL3 and CCL4 respectively. Both are major factors produced by macrophages after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxins.[3] They activate human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) which can lead to acute neutrophilic inflammation. They also induce the synthesis and release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TNF-α from fibroblasts and macrophages. The genes for CCL3 and CCL4 are both located on human chromosome 17.[4]
They are produced by many cells, particularly macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes.[5] MIP-1 are best known for their chemotactic and proinflammatory effects but can also promote homoeostasis.[5] Biophysical analyses and mathematical modelling has shown that MIP-1 reversibly forms a polydisperse distribution of rod-shaped polymers in solution. Polymerization buries receptor-binding sites of MIP-1, thus depolymerization mutations enhance MIP-1 to arrest monocytes onto activated human endothelium.[2]
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