| MGM-51 Shillelagh | |
|---|---|
MGM-51 Shillelagh |
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| Type | Surface-to-surface missile |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Aeronutronic, Martin Marietta |
| Unit cost | from $1938 to $4052[2] |
| Produced | 88 194 from 1964 to 1971[1] |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | MGM-51A: 59.1 lb (26.8 kg) MGM-51B/C:61.3 lb (27.8 kg) |
| Length | MGM-51A: 3 feet 7.7 inches (1.110 m) MGM-51B/C: 3 feet 9.4 inches (1.153 m) |
| Diameter | 6 inches (150 mm) |
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| Warhead | 15 pounds (6.8 kg) High Explosive shaped charge
Estimated penetration: up to 600 mm RHA |
| Detonation mechanism |
detonated on impact[3] |
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| Engine | Amoco Chemicals Hercules solid-fuel rocket |
| Wingspan | 11.5 inches (290 mm) |
| Operational range |
MGM-51A:6,600 ft (2,000 m) MGM-51B/C:10,000 ft (3,000 m) |
| Speed | subsonic |
| Guidance system |
Infra-red signal link |
| Launch platform |
Tank (M551 Sheridan and M60A2) |
The Ford MGM-51 Shillelagh was an American anti-tank guided missile designed to be launched from a conventional gun (cannon). It was originally intended to be the medium-range portion of a short, medium, long-range system for armored fighting vehicles in the 1960s and '70s to defeat future armor without an excessively large gun. Developing a system that could fire both shells and missiles reliably proved complex and largely unworkable. It served most notably as a primary weapon of the M551 Sheridan light tank, but the missile system was deleted from units serving in Vietnam. Ultimately very few of the 88,000 rounds produced were ever fired in combat.
The Shillelagh was a disappointment compared to the later BGM-71 TOW anti-tank guided missile first produced in 1970 by the U.S. The TOW system, which could not fire gun rounds, and was guided by a wire which directly sent commands to the missile, proved simpler and more versatile. TOW became the most widely used anti-tank guided missile in the world based on a range of light, armoured and flying vehicles. Main battle tanks of the late 20th century such as the successful M1 Abrams tank fielded improved conventional 105mm and 120mm guns which proved effective against enemy armor threats. While the Russians are developing gun launched missiles, the US and NATO are developing guided tank shells.
The name comes from a type of wooden club associated with Ireland.
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With the rapid increase in armor during World War II, tanks were becoming increasingly able to survive rounds fired from even the largest of WWII-era anti-tank guns. A new generation of guns, notably the British 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7, were able to cope with newer tanks, but it appeared that in another generation the guns needed would be too large to be practical.
Instead the US Army started concentrating on HEAT rounds in the 1950s. HEAT penetration is not dependent on the speed of the round, allowing it to be fired at much lower velocities, and thus from a much lighter gun. They also work better at larger diameters, and a large-diameter low-velocity gun makes for an excellent assault gun vehicle. On the downside, the low speed also means that they become increasingly hard to aim over longer distances. The US Army looked to address this problem with the use of HEAT-equipped guided missiles for anything beyond a few hundred yards.
In 1958 they felt the state of the art had progressed enough to start work on such designs, and in June 1959 Sperry and Ford Aeronutronic were asked for designs to fill the shorter range role. Ford won the contract and started work on the XM13. The first test shots occurred in 1960, and limited production started in 1964, now known as the MGM-51A.
The basic system was quite advanced for its day. The missile body consisted of a long tube with fold-out fins at the extreme rear, which was propelled from the new M81 gun with a small charge strapped on the rear. Once clear of the gun the fins popped open and the engine ignited. In order to keep it from spinning while in the gun due to the rifling, a small "key" fit into a straight groove in the rifled gun. Aiming the missile was simple; the gunner simply kept his gunsight on the target, while electronics in the sighting system tracked the missile optically and sent corrections through an IR link (similar to a TV remote control). In general the gunners were able to achieve excellent hit ratios with the system.
Because the system was so advanced, the development of the Shillelagh was fraught with problems. Ford Aeronutronic underestimated the complexity of the task of designing a missile this advanced, and there were major problems with the propellant, igniter, tracker and infrared command link of the missile.[4]
The M81/MGM-51 was first installed on the M551 Sheridan, which appeared at first to prove the value of the system. The Sheridan was a light aluminum-armored AFV designed to be air transportable and provide antitank support for airborne forces[5]. In 1966 the US Army began pressing General Westmoreland to field the tank in South Vietnam, but he declined, stating that with no main gun ammunition, the Sheridan was basically nothing more than a $300,000 machine gun platform.[6] In 1968 152mm main gun ammo became available, and the M551 General Sheridan was deployed to South Vietnam for combat operations in January 1969.[7] Shillelagh missiles did not prove to be a problem in the Vietnam War; they weren't used.[8]
During combat operations in Vietnam the Sheridan's 152mm main guns proved operational, but during their first deployment in country were a cause of persistent trouble.[9] The 152mm caseless ammunition rounds were themselves troublesome because the casings did not burn completely, requiring a complicated and slow gas-driven scavenging system. They were also liable to cook off if the vehicle were hit. Firing the gun caused such a large recoil as to result in failures in the delicate missile firing electronics on the tank. These problems, followed by the lack of suitable targets, resulted in the Sheridan's deployment to South Vietnam without the complex missile system.
The Shillelagh was considerably larger than a conventional round, so only a small number could be carried. Typical loads consisted of only 8 missiles and twenty M409 HEAT rounds for short-range use. In addition the missile proved to have a very long minimum range due to the layout of the vehicle, the missile didn't come into the sight of the gun/tracker system until it was 800 yards (730 m) from the vehicle, at which point it could start to be guided. Because of its maximum range of about 2,200 yards (2,000 m), the system was left with a fairly large "dead zone".
While the maximum range of 2,200 yards (2,000 m) was usable, the Army felt it could use improvement. Ford received a contract to study a longer range version in 1963, and returned a slightly larger design the next year. Test shots of the new MGM-51B started the next May, and production in October 1966. Only one other change was made to the system. In testing it was found that the key slot in the gun led to cracking after firing only a few shells. After further study a version with a shallower slot and new barrel was selected, creating the M81E1/MGM-51C. The missile was about 45 inches (1,100 mm) long, about 6 inches (150 mm) in diameter, and weighed 60 pounds (27 kg). It remained in production until 1971, by which time 88,000 had been produced, probably in anticipation of use by main battle tanks (below). Nearly a half dozen missiles fired at bunkers by Sheridans during Operation Desert Storm (Iraq/Kuwait) in January and February 1991 was the only time the missile system was fired in a combat environment.
Even with these problems the system clearly proved it could be used by an airborne tank to destroy a main battle tank. The question of whether or not it could fill its original role as the main armament of all tanks was still open. The Army had originally started development of a low-profile turret with a short barrel for their existing M60 tanks in the 1960s, but didn't contract for actual delivery until 1971 once the bugs had been worked out. They entered service in 1974, but were hampered by reliability problems, and soon phased out in 1980. The final revision of the M60A3 used the same gun and turret as the M60A1.
The most ambitious project based on the system was the MBT-70, an advanced US-German tank design that started in 1963. It mounted a huge auto-loader turret on top of a very short chassis, so short that there was no room for a driver. Instead he was relocated into the turret with everyone else, in a rotating cupola that kept him facing forward. The gun was a new longer-barreled design, the XM-150, which extended range and performance to the point where it was useful for sabot type rounds as well. However the project dragged on, and in 1969 the estimated unit cost had risen 5 times, and Germany pulled out of the effort. The Army proposed a "cut-down" version of the system, but Congress cancelled it in November 1971. It started the M1 Abrams project with its funds the next month, which used a conventional gun.
The Soviet KBP Instrument Design Bureau developed the somewhat similar AT-11 Sniper, launched by a 125 mm gun system. It utilizes a Laser Beam Rider guidance system, and a tandem warhead to defeat vehicles fitted with Explosive Reactive Armour as used on the T-80/90 Tanks.