| Lotfi A. Zadeh | |
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(2004)
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| Born | February 4, 1921 Baku, Azerbaijan SSR |
| Residence | United States |
| Fields | Mathematics, electrical engineering, artificial intelligence |
| Institutions | U.C. Berkeley |
| Alma mater | University of Tehran, Columbia University |
| Doctoral students | Joseph Goguen |
| Known for | Founder of fuzzy mathematics, fuzzy set theory, and fuzzy logic |
| Notable awards | IEEE Medal of Honor, ACM Fellow |
Lotfali Askar Zadeh (born February 4, 1921), better known as Lotfi A. Zadeh, is a mathematician, electrical engineer, computer scientist, artificial intelligence researcher and professor emeritus[1] of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Zadeh was born in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR,[2] as Lotfi Aliaskerzadeh,[3] to an Iranian Azeri father from Ardabil, Rahim Aleskerzade, who was a journalist on assignment from Iran, and a Russian Jewish mother,[4] Fanya Koriman, who was a pediatrician.[5] The Soviet government at this time courted foreign correspondents, and the family lived well while in Baku.[6] Zadeh attended elementary school for three years there,[6] which he has said "had a significant and long-lasting influence on my thinking and my way of looking at things."[7]
In 1931, when Zadeh was ten years old, his family moved to Teheran in Iran, his father's homeland. Zadeh was enrolled in Alborz College, which was a Presbyterian missionary school, where he was educated for the next eight years, and where he met his future wife, Fay.[6] Zadeh says that he was "deeply influenced" by the "extremely decent, fine, honest and helpful" missionaries from the United States who ran the college. "To me they represented the best that you could find in the United States – people from the Midwest with strong roots. They were really "Good Samaritans" – willing to give of themselves for the benefit of others. So this kind of attitude influenced me deeply. It also instilled in me a deep desire to live in the United States."[7] During this time, Zadeh was awarded several patents.[6]
Despite being more fluent in Russian than in Persian, Zadeh sat for the national university exams and placed third in the entire country.[6] As a student, he ranked first in his class in his first two years. In 1942, he graduated from the University of Tehran with a degree in electrical engineering (Fanni), one of only three students in that field to graduate that year, due to the turmoil created by World War II, when the Soviet Union invaded Iran – whose ruler, the Shah, was pro-German – and split the administration of the country with the British. Over 30,000 American soldiers were also based there, and Zadeh worked with his father, who did business with them as a contractor for hardware and building materials.[8]
In 1943, Zadeh decided to emigrate to the United States, and traveled to Philadelphia by way of Cairo after months of delay waiting for the proper papers or for the right ship to appear. He arrived in mid-1944, and entered M.I.T. as a graduate student later that year.[8] While in the United States, he changed his name to Lotfi Asker Zadeh.[3]
He received an MS degree in electrical engineering from M.I.T. in 1946, and then applied to Columbia University, as his parents had settled in New York City.[8] Columbia admitted him as a doctoral student, and offered him an instructorship as well.[8] He received his PhD in electrical engineering from Columbia in 1949, and became an assistant professor the next year.[5][8]
Zadeh taught for ten years at Columbia, was promoted to Full Professor in 1957, and has taught at the University of California, Berkeley since 1959. He published his seminal work on fuzzy sets in 1965, in which he detailed the mathematics of fuzzy set theory. In 1973 he proposed his theory of fuzzy logic.
Zadeh is noted to be "quick to shrug off nationalism, insisting there are much deeper issues in life", and is quoted as stating in an interview: "The question really isn't whether I'm American, Russian, Iranian, Azerbaijani, or anything else. I've been shaped by all these people and cultures and I feel quite comfortable among all of them."[9] Zadeh also notes in the same interview: "Obstinacy and tenacity. Not being afraid to get embroiled in controversy. That's very much a Turkish tradition. That's part of my character, too. I can be very stubborn. That's probably been beneficial for the development of Fuzzy Logic."[10] He describes himself as "an American, mathematically oriented, electrical engineer of Iranian descent, born in Russia."[5]
Zadeh is married to Fay Zadeh and has two children, Stella Zadeh and Norman Zadeh.
Zadeh, in his theory of fuzzy sets, proposed using a membership function (with a range covering the interval [0,1]) operating on the domain of all possible values. He proposed new operations for the calculus of logic and showed that fuzzy logic was a generalisation of classical and Boolean logic. He also proposed fuzzy numbers as a special case of fuzzy sets, as well as the corresponding rules for consistent mathematical operations (fuzzy arithmetic).[11]
Lotfi Zadeh is also credited, along with John R. Ragazzini, in 1952, with having pioneered the development of the z-transform method in discrete time signal processing and analysis. These methods are now standard in digital signal processing, digital control, and other discrete-time systems used in industry and research. He is an editor of International Journal of Computational Cognition.
Zadeh's latest work includes computing with words and perceptions. His recent papers include From Search Engines to Question-Answering Systems—The Role of Fuzzy Logic, Progress in Informatics, No. 1, 1-3, 2005; and Toward a Generalized Theory of Uncertainty (GTU)—An Outline, Information Sciences, Elsevier, Vol. 172, 1-40, 2005.
Zadeh is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Academy of Arts and Science, the Association for Computing Machinery, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence and the International Fuzzy Systems Association, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is also a member of the Academies of Science of Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Finland, Korea and Poland and of the International Academy of Systems Studies in Moscow. He has received 24 honorary doctorates.[1]
Awards received by Zadeh include, among many others: