The Longuda are an African ethnic group living in Adamawa and Gombe States in northeastern Nigeria. They people are the only known tribe in Nigeria that is matrilineal and matriarchal. The Longuda consider matrilineal descent in many aspects of their social organisation more important than the patrilineal. Clan membership may even be counted on the mother line. This custom is not found with their other neighbors or in other tribes of Nigeria. The Longuda language is Adamawa.
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The Lunguda rulers default to the Kanuri style. The seat of the traditional ruler is in Guyuk, Guyuk Local Government in Adamawa State. The Lunguda cleim to have migrated from Yemen together with other tribes such as the Kanuri, Babur/Bura. They parted with the Kanuri in Borno State of Nigeria. There is a disagreement between the different dialect groups of the Longuda as to where they first settled after they migrated from Borno. Whereas others cite Dukkul as their first destination, others argue that Wanda was their first destination.
Traditionally, the staple crop of the Longuda is Guinea Corn (Sorghum bicolor). This used to be grounded on stone hand mill and cooked into a thick paste "tuwo", then eaten with vegetable soup. Today, however, rice, maize, and millet form part of the staple of the Longuda. Guinea Corn still remains the dominant crop grown by the Longuda.
The Longuda are primarily polygamous. The different dialects of the Longuda people perform marriage rites differently. Traditionally, a young man courting a woman will invite his friends on the night he wished to take her as his bride without her prior knowledge. On such a night, the man and his friends will abduct the woman to his cottage. This was often a forceful act. Once the woman spends a night in his cottage, his family and hers will consider them married. The bride price was usually paid afterwards. This abduction, which usually took place in the night, was not without resistance. The other young men in the womans neighborhood would attempt to come to her rescue, and a free-for-all fight will ensure. The intending groom and his company usually had to win the duel in order to take the bride to be.
However, in recent times, the influence of Christianity and cultural assimilation of neighboring societies have altered this practice. A watered-down version of this is still widely used. In this case, a man asks a woman for her consent, the woman agrees, and on an arranged night,the groom friends and bride's friend secretly picks her and her clothing from parent's house, goes over to spend the night in the grooms uncles house,living behind a token at the position where they use to sit during courtship and that seals the union. Taking her clothes along with her is her indication to everyone that she has agreed to marry the man.
The Longuda, especially the Jessu dialect were very hostile to the colonial masters and missionaries. According to the oral history of the Jessu, the colonial lord who subdued them annihilated more than half of the people in the town.
Newman, Bonnie. 1976. "Deep and surface structure of the Longuda clause."
Newman, Bonnie. 1978. "The Longuda verb."
Newman, John F. 1978. "Participant orientation in Longuda folk tales."
Newman, John F. and Bonnie Newman. 1974. "Longuda."
Newman, John F. and Bonnie Newman. 1977. Longuda dialect survey.
Newman, John F. and Bonnie Newman. 1977. Longuda phonology.
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