In organic chemistry, a locant is a figure to indicate the position of a functional group within a molecule [1].
There are at least two isomers of the linear form of pentanone, a ketone that contains a chain of exactly five carbon atoms. There is an oxygen atom bonded to one of the middle three carbons (if it were bonded to an end carbon, the molecule would be an aldehyde, not a ketone), but where?
First number the carbons from one to five, starting at one end and proceeding sequentially along the chain. Now the position of the oxygen atom can be defined as on carbon atom number two, three or four. In fact atoms two and four are exactly equivalent - imagine turning the molecule around by 180 degrees, and you will see that this is the case. It just depends on which end you choose to start numbering the carbons.
The locant is the number of the carbon atom to which the oxygen atom is bonded. If the oxygen is bonded to the middle carbon, the locant is 3. If the oxygen is bonded to an atom on either side (adjacent to an end carbon), the locant is 2 or 4; given the choice here, where the carbons are exactly equivalent, always choose the lower number. So the locant is either 2 or 3 in this molecule.
The locant is incorporated into the name of the molecule to remove ambiguity. Thus the molecule is named either pentan-2-one or pentan-3-one, depending on the position of the oxygen atom.