List of snap elections in Canada

The following is a list of Canadian elections, both federal and provincial, that have been regarded by all or some observers as snap elections:

• New Brunswick general election, 1865
  • Issue: Canadian confederation
  • Result: Pro-confederates under Premier Samuel Leonard Tilley are defeated, but later return to power after the new anti-confederate government is forced from office.

• Canadian federal election, 1911
  • Issues: Reciprocity with the United States; the Naval Bill
  • Result: Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier's Liberals are defeated.

• Canadian federal election, 1917
  • Issue: Conscription Crisis of 1917. (The election was supposed to be held in 1916, but due to the emergency of the First World War, the government postponed the election, largely in hope that a coalition government could be formed, as was the case in Britain.)
  • Result: Prime Minister Robert Borden's Unionists, an alliance of pro-conscription politicians, increase their majority. The vote in Canada is heavily divided along anglophone and francophone lines.

• Canadian federal election, 1958
  • Reason: Newly elected Liberal leader Lester Pearson made a speech demanding that the Conservatives hand back power without an election^[1] because of the recent economic decline. Diefenbaker responded by revealing a formerly classified Liberal file that predicted the economic malaise, so the "arrogant" label that had attached to Liberals in 1957 stayed. Also, the resignation of Louis St. Laurent had also left Quebec with no favourite son leader and the Conservatives also harnessed the powerful political machine of the provincial Union Nationale. The Conservatives thus hoped to obtain a majority government.
  • Result: Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservatives win the largest majority up to that time at the federal level.

• Quebec general election, 1962
  • Reason: Obtain a clear mandate to nationalize the electricity industry.
  • Result: Premier Jean Lesage's Liberals win an increased majority.

• Alberta general election, 1982
  • Reason: Surging support for separatism, marked by a victory for the separatist Western Canada Concept in a by-election held earlier in the year.
  • Result: Premier Peter Lougheed's Tories win a massive majority, with the WCC failing to retain its recently-won seat or win any others.

• Canadian federal election, 1984
  • Reason: Newly minted Liberal leader John Turner was persuaded by internal polls that he was well ahead of the opposition. He also wanted to present a "new" party, different from his predecessor Pierre Trudeau. Turner did not have a seat in the Commons, and his election call was just four days after being sworn in. However, the Liberals had been elected in 1980 and Turner would constitutionally be allowed to wait until 1985 to call an election.
  • Result: Turner's 200 patronage appointments, mostly on the recommendation of Trudeau, nullified attempts to distance himself from Trudeau's policies and practices. The Liberal's Quebec stronghold was also nullified as Conservative leader Brian Mulroney was a native of that province. The Progressive Conservatives win the largest majority ever at the federal level, while the Liberals end up with 40 seats, only ten more than the NDP's 30.

• Alberta general election, 1989
  • Reason: Opposition support evenly divided between NDs and Liberals.
  • Result: Premier Donald Getty's Tories win a slightly reduced majority, but Getty loses his own seat and must run in a by-election.

• Ontario general election, 1990
  • Reason: Favourable opinion polls, as the ruling Liberals are still above the 50% mark. Premier David Peterson allegedly wanted to call an election before the full effects of the looming recession could be felt. Some within his party oppose the early election call (they had won a huge majority in 1987).
  • Result: The Liberals are beset by controversies and scandals right after the campaign started, with unions and interest groups expressing their cynicism about the snap election. Bob Rae's NDP managed an electoral upset, slightly outpolling the Liberals in the popular vote but winning enough seats for a majority. Peterson loses his own seat and resigns the party leadership.

• Canadian federal election, 1997
  • Reason: Favourable opinion polls. Some government MPs opposed the snap election, as cleanup from the devastating Red River Flood was still underway. This was also the second shortest majority mandate in Canadian history, after Laurier's 1908-1911 term.
  • Result: Jean Chrétien's Liberals barely retain their majority, though they easily have the plurality of seats to continue governing. The NDP and Progressive Conservatives win enough seats, mainly at the expense of the Liberals in the Atlantic provinces, to regain official party status.

• Canadian federal election, 2000
  • Reason: Prime Minister Jean Chrétien planned to call an election before the newly formed Canadian Alliance could consolidate itself outside of its western Canadian base. The call was also to take advantage of newly elected leader Stockwell Day's inexperienced as a federal politician. (Day also dared Chrétien to call an election.)
  • Result: In a campaign lacking important issues and record low turnout, Chrétien's Liberals were re-elected with an increased majority, taking back seats in Atlantic Canada that they lost to the NDP and Progressive Conservatives in the previous election.

Notes