List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games

This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 2008. As of the 2008 Games in Beijing, all of the current 205 NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Olympic Games, and athletes from Australia, France,[H] Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland[L] have competed in all twenty-six Summer Olympic Games.

Contents

History

Early years

Early Games were not clearly documented with respect to participating nations. Competitors from 11 to 16 different nations participated in the inaugural 1896 Games, in Athens. Eleven nations (Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) are mentioned in the official report for the Games,[1] and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) states that 14 nations were represented.[2] The NOCs for Bulgaria[3] and Chile[4] each claim that they were represented by a single athlete in Athens. Other sources also list Egypt, Italy, and the Turkish Empire.[5][6]

The IOC states that 24 nations participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics, in Paris,[7] but additional sources list up to 28 nations, with Haiti, Iran, Luxembourg, and Peru being the additions.[8][9] The 1904 Games, held in St. Louis, were poorly organized, with participation of only 12 nations,[10][11] and many events contested only by athletes from the host United States. Although the Intercalated Games of 1906 are no longer considered official Games of the Olympiad by the IOC, they helped restore the Olympic movement. Participation at subsequent Games grew steadily, with 22 nations in London for 1908[12] and 28 nations in Stockholm for the 1912 Games.[13] At these two Games (only), one of the delegations was actually a combined team of athletes from Australia and New Zealand, designated Australasia. The Games of 1916, planned for Berlin, were cancelled due to World War I.

Inter-war years

After the First World War, the Olympic Games resumed in 1920, in Antwerp. Twenty-nine nations participated,[14] but not Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, or Turkey, none of which were invited because of their roles in the war. Several newly created European states, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, made their Olympic debut.

The Games grew rapidly for the 1924 Summer Olympics, in Paris, with 44 nations present,[15] even though Germany was still not invited back to the Games. This situation would change for the 1928 Games, in Amsterdam, where Germany returned to join a total of 46 participating nations.[16] Because of the economic effects of the Great Depression, competitors from only 37 nations—with less than half the number of participants that competed in Amsterdam—travelled to Los Angeles for the 1932 Summer Olympics.[17] The 1936 Summer Olympics, in Berlin, were attended by 49 nations (a new high) but were highly politicized.[18] The scheduled Games of 1940 in Tokyo and 1944 in London were each cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

Post-war years and Cold War era

Twelve years after the previous Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, attracted competitors from 59 nations, including 14 that made their Olympic debut; once again, Germany was not invited to take part, and neither was Japan.[19] The 1952 Games, in Helsinki, again set a new high, with 69 nations participating, including the first appearance by the Soviet Union and the return of Germany and Japan.[20] The 1956 Summer Olympics, attended by 67 nations in Melbourne, were the first to be marred by a boycott.[21] Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon withdrew in response to the Suez Crisis, and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland withdrew in response to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Interestingly, because of Australian quarantine restrictions, the equestrian events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, with a total of 29 participating nations, including five nations that did not compete in Melbourne.[22]

Participation by African and Latin American nations increased significantly during the 1960s. A total of 84 nations were represented at the 1960 Summer Olympics, in Rome,[23] 94 nations at the 1964 Games, in Tokyo,[24] and 112 nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics, in Mexico City.[25] The 1968 Games also marked the first time that West Germany and East Germany competed as independent teams. For the previous three Olympiads (1956–1964), the two NOCs were jointly represented by a united German team.[26] The 1972 Summer Olympics, in Munich, featured 121 nations, the highest total yet.[27]

The next three Games were each marred by significant boycotts. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, in Montreal, only 92 nations were represented.[28] Twenty-nine African nations (Ivory Coast and Senegal being the only two exceptions) boycotted the Games because of New Zealand's participation, as New Zealand maintained other sporting relations with apartheid South Africa.[29] The largest Olympic boycott took place at the 1980 Games, in Moscow, when only 81 nations participated.[30] The United States led the boycott in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and were joined by more than 60 other nations. In response, the 1984 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles, were boycotted by the Soviet Union and many of their allies, yet a total of 140 nations did participate.[31] The 1988 Games, in Seoul, marked a new high, with 160 participating nations.[32]

Recent Games

Several events in the 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympic Games. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936 at the 1992 Games, in Barcelona.[33] The remaining twelve ex-republics of the Soviet Union competed together as the Unified Team for these Games. A single German team competed for the first time since 1964, after the German reunification in 1990, while the breakup of Yugoslavia resulted in the Olympic debut of new nations.

The Centennial Olympics, in Atlanta, were attended by athletes from 197 nations,[34] including 24 nations making their Summer Games debut. Czechoslovakia had split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and all ex-Soviet republics competed as independent nations. The Games continued to grow, with 199 nations represented in Sydney, for the 2000 Games,[35] and 201 nations in Athens, for the 2004 Summer Olympics.[36]

A record number of nations (204) were represented at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Marshall Islands and Tuvalu making their Olympic debut. After competing together as Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro sent independent teams to Beijing. Only Brunei failed to participate in the Games, after failing to register any athletes for competition.[37]

List of nations

Description

This list includes all 205 current NOCs,[38] arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games.[39]

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other changes are explained by footnotes linked within the table itself. A select number of obsolete nations are also included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations:

Table legend

96   In the table headings, indicates the Games year, from 1896 through 2008
• Participated in the specified Games
H Host nation for the specified Games
[A] Additional explanatory comments at the linked footnote
  The planned Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 were cancelled due to world wars
  NOC superseded or preceded by other NOC(s) during these years

Alphabetical list

Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V Y Z

A

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Afghanistan AFG • • • • • • • • • • • •
Albania ALB • • • • • •
Algeria ALG • • • • • • • • • • •
American Samoa ASA • • • • • •
Andorra AND • • • • • • • • •
Angola ANG • • • • • • •
Antigua and Barbuda ANT • • • • • • • •
Argentina ARG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Armenia ARM see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
Aruba ARU • • • • • •
Australia AUS • • • [I] [I] • • • • • • • H • • • • • • • • • • H • •
Austria AUT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Azerbaijan AZE see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •

B

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Bahamas BAH • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Bahrain BRN • • • • • • •
Bangladesh BAN • • • • • • •
Barbados BAR [N] • • • • • • • • • •
Belarus BLR see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
Belgium BEL • • • H • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BelizeBIZ[›] BIZ • • • • • • • • • •
BeninBEN[›] BEN • • • • • • • • •
Bermuda BER • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Bhutan BHU • • • • • • •
Bolivia BOL • • • • • • • • • • • •
Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH see Yugoslavia • • • • •
Botswana BOT • • • • • • • •
Brazil BRA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
British Virgin Islands IVB • • • • • • •
Brunei BRU [T] • • •
Bulgaria BUL [A] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Burkina FasoBUR[›] BUR • • • • • • •
Burundi BDI • • • •

C

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Cambodia CAM [L] • • • • • •
Cameroon CMR • • • [R] • • • • • • • •
Canada CAN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • H • • • • • • •
Cape Verde CPV • • • •
Cayman Islands CAY • • • • • • • •
Central African Republic CAF • • • • • • • •
Chad CHA • • • • • • • • • •
Chile CHI [B] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
China, People's Republic of CHN • • • • • • • H
China, Republic ofROC[›] ROC • • • • • • • • see Chinese Taipei
Chinese TaipeiROC[›] TPE see Republic of China • • • • • • •
Colombia COL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Comoros COM • • • •
Congo CGO • • • • • • • • • •
DR CongoCOD[›] COD • • • • • • • •
Cook Islands COK • • • • • •
Costa Rica CRC • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Côte d'IvoireCIV[›] CIV • • • • • • • • • • •
Croatia CRO Austria/Hungary see Yugoslavia • • • • •
Cuba CUB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Cyprus CYP • • • • • • • •
Czech Republic CZE [C] [C] [C] see Czechoslovakia • • • •
Czechoslovakia TCH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

D

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Denmark DEN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Djibouti DJI • • • • • • •
Dominica DMA • • • •
Dominican Republic DOM • • • • • • • • • • • •

E

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Ecuador ECU • • • • • • • • • • • •
EgyptEGY[›] EGY • • • • • • • [L] • • • • [R] • • • • • • •
El Salvador ESA • • • • • • • • •
Equatorial Guinea GEQ • • • • • • •
Eritrea ERI • • •
Estonia EST see Russia • • • • • see Soviet Union • • • • •
Ethiopia ETH • • • • • • • • • • •

F

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Fiji FIJ • • • • • • • • • • • •
Finland FIN • • • • • • • • H • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
France FRA • H [H] • • • H • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

G

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Gabon GAB • • • • • • • •
Gambia GAM • • • • • • •
Georgia GEO see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
Germany GER • • • • • • • H [J] • • • • •
East Germany GDR [K] [K] [K] • • • • •
West Germany FRG • H • • •
GhanaGHA[›] GHA • • • • • • • • • • • •
Great Britain GBR • • • H • • • • • • H • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Greece GRE H • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • H •
Grenada GRN • • • • • • •
Guam GUM • • • • • •
Guatemala GUA • • • • • • • • • • • •
Guinea GUI • • • • • • • • •
Guinea-Bissau GBS • • • •
GuyanaGUY[›] GUY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

H

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Haiti HAI [D] • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Honduras HON • • • • • • • • •
Hong Kong HKG • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Hungary HUN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

I

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Iceland ISL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
India IND • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Indonesia INA • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Iran IRI [E] • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Iraq IRQ • • • • • • • • • • • •
Ireland IRL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Israel ISR • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Italy ITA • • • • • • • • • • • • H • • • • • • • • • • • •

J

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Jamaica JAM • • • [N] • • • • • • • • • • • •
Japan JPN • • • • • • • • • H • • • • • • • • • •
Jordan JOR • • • • • • • •

K

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Kazakhstan KAZ see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
Kenya KEN • • • • • • • • • • • •
Kiribati KIR • •
North Korea PRK • • • • • • • •
South Korea KOR • • • • • • • • • H • • • • •
Kuwait KUW • • • • • • • • • • •
Kyrgyzstan KGZ see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •

L

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Laos LAO • • • • • • •
Latvia LAT see Russia • • • • see Soviet Union • • • • •
Lebanon LIB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Lesotho LES • • • • • • • • •
Liberia LBR • • • • • • • • • • •
Libya LBA [P] • • • • • • • •
Liechtenstein LIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Lithuania LTU see Russia • • see Soviet Union • • • • •
Luxembourg LUX [F] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

M

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Macedonia MKD see Yugoslavia • • • •
Madagascar MAD • • • • • • • • • •
Malawi MAW • • • • • • • •
Malaysia MAS [M] [M] • • • • • • • • • • •
Maldives MDV • • • • • •
Mali MLI • • • • • • • • • • •
Malta MLT • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Marshall Islands MHL •
Mauritania MTN • • • • • • •
Mauritius MRI • • • • • • •
Mexico MEX • • • • • • • • • • H • • • • • • • • • •
Micronesia FSM • • •
Moldova MDA see Russia see Romania see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
Monaco MON • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Mongolia MGL • • • • • • • • • • •
Montenegro MNE see Yugoslavia see SCG •
Morocco MAR • • • • [R] • • • • • • •
Mozambique MOZ • • • • • • • •
MyanmarMYA[›] MYA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

N

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Namibia NAM • • • • •
Nauru NRU • • • •
Nepal NEP • • • • • • • • • • •
Netherlands NED • • • • • H • • • • [L] • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Netherlands Antilles AHO • • • • • • • • • • • • •
New Zealand NZL [I] [I] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Nicaragua NCA • • • • • • • • • •
Niger NIG • • • • • • • • • •
Nigeria NGR • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Norway NOR • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

O

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Oman OMA • • • • • • •

P

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Pakistan PAK • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Palau PLW • • •
Palestine PLE • • • •
Panama PAN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Papua New Guinea PNG • • • • • • • •
Paraguay PAR • • • • • • • • • •
Peru PER [G] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Philippines PHI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Poland POL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Portugal POR • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Puerto Rico PUR • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Q

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Qatar QAT • • • • • • •

R

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Romania ROU • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
RussiaRUS[›] RUS • • • see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
Rwanda RWA • • • • • • •

S

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Saint Kitts and Nevis SKN • • • •
Saint Lucia LCA • • • •
Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines		 VIN • • • • • •
Samoa SAM • • • • • • •
San Marino SMR • • • • • • • • • • • •
São Tomé and Príncipe STP • • • •
Saudi Arabia KSA • • • • • • • • •
Senegal SEN • • • • • • • • • • • •
Serbia SRB • see Yugoslavia see SCG •
Serbia and MontenegroSCG[›] SCG see Yugoslavia [V] • • •
Seychelles SEY • • • • • • •
Sierra Leone SLE • • • • • • • • •
Singapore SIN • • • • [Q] • • • • • • • • • •
Slovakia SVK see Hungary see Czechoslovakia • • • •
Slovenia SLO Austria/Hungary see Yugoslavia • • • • •
Solomon Islands SOL • • • • • • •
Somalia SOM • • • • • • •
South Africa RSA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Soviet Union URS • • • • • • • H • [U]
Spain ESP • • • • • • • [L] • • • • • • • • H • • • •
Sri LankaSRI[›] SRI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Sudan SUD • • • • • • • • • •
Suriname SUR • • • • • • • • • • •
Swaziland SWZ • • • • • • • •
Sweden SWE • • • H • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Switzerland SUI • • • • • • • • • • • • [L] • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Syria SYR • [O] • • • • • • • • • •

T

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Tajikistan TJK see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
TanzaniaTAN[›] TAN • • • • • • • • • • •
Thailand THA • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Timor-Leste TLS [W] • •
Togo TOG • • • • • • • •
Tonga TGA • • • • • • •
Trinidad and Tobago TRI • • • [N] • • • • • • • • • • • •
Tunisia TUN • • • • [R] • • • • • • •
Turkey TUR • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Turkmenistan TKM see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
Tuvalu TUV •

U

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Uganda UGA • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Ukraine UKR see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •
United Arab Emirates UAE • • • • • • •
United States USA • • H • • • • • H • • • • • • • • • * H • • H • • •
Uruguay URU • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Uzbekistan UZB see Russia see Soviet Union [U] • • • •

V

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Vanuatu VAN • • • • • •
Venezuela VEN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Vietnam VIE • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Virgin Islands ISV • • • • • • • • • •

Y

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
Yemen YEM [S] [S] • • • • •
YugoslaviaYUG[›] YUG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Z

Nation Code 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08
ZambiaZAM[›] ZAM • • • • • • • • • • •
ZimbabweZIM[›] ZIM • • • • • • • • • • •

Notes

Name changes

^ BIZ: Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras (HBR) in 1968[25] and 1972.[27]
^ BEN: Benin was known as Dahomey (DAH) in 1972.[27]
^ BUR: Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta (VOL) in 1972.[27]
^ ROC: The Republic of China was designated as China from 1932[17] to 1948[19], representing all of China (including Taiwan). The NOC was designated Republic of China in 1956,[21] 1960,[23] and 1972[27], and was designated Taiwan in 1964[24] and 1968[25] after the Chinese Civil War. In 1979, the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to this NOC, a compromise that was acceptable for the People's Republic of China to start participating in the Olympic Games.[40][41]
^ COD: The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire (ZAI) between 1984[31] and 1996.[34]
^ CIV: Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964[24] and 1988.[32]
^ EGY: Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic between 1960[23] and 1968.[25]
^ GHA: Prior to Ghana's independence in 1957, Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games.[20]
^ GUY: Prior to Guyana's independence in 1966, British Guiana participated from 1948[19] to 1964.[24]
^ MYA: Myanmar was known as Burma (BIR) between 1948[19] and 1988.[32]
^ RUS: The Russian Empire participated in three Games prior to World War I.[8][12][13] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has participated since 1996.[34]
^ SCG: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, was reconstituted as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. At the 1996[34] and 2000[35] Games, the nation was still designated Yugoslavia (YUG). The Serbia and Montenegro designation and SCG code were first used at the 2004 Games.[36]
^ SRI: Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon (CEY) between 1948[19] and 1972.[27]
^ TAN: Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964, the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games.[24]
^ YUG: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) participated as Yugoslavia in five Games before the Second World War. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also participated using the Yugoslavia designation, for all Games between 1948–1988. For participation by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, see Serbia and Montenegro (SCG).
^ ZAM: Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games, but had participated as Northern Rhodesia (NRH) during those Games.[24]
^ ZIM: Prior to Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia (RHO) in 1928,[16] 1960,[23] and 1964.[24]

Participation notes

  1. ^ The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud, a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia, competed for the nation in 1896.[3]
  2. ^ Chile claims that one athlete, Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz, competed for the nation in 1896.[4]
  3. ^ Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, athletes from Bohemia (now part of the present-day Czech Republic) competed in 1900,[8] 1908,[12] and 1912.[13]
  4. ^ Some sources[8][42] consider Léon Thiércelin, a competitor in fencing at the 1900 Games, of Haitian nationality.
  5. ^ Some sources[8][42] consider Freydoun Malkom, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran.
  6. ^ Michel Théato's gold medal in the marathon at the 1900 Games is currently attributed to France, although it has since been discovered that he was born in Luxembourg.[43]
  7. ^ Some sources[8][42] consider Carlos de Candamo, a competitor in fencing at the 1900 Games, of Peruvian nationality.
  8. a b Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey's participation for France in 1904. Although the Games report refers to Corey as a "Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association",[44] the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France, and in contradiction, the medal in the four mile team race to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States.[45]
  9. a b In the 1908[12] and 1912[13] Games, athletes from Australia and New Zealand competed together as a single team, designated Australasia (ANZ).[46]
  10. ^ Due the partition of Germany after World War II, Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games — Germany and the Saar.[20] The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956, and Saar athletes then competed for Germany.[26] East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team, as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted "provisional" recognition by the IOC in 1955.[47]
  11. ^ For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a Unified Team, representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany.[26] Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team.[45] After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany competed as an independent team.[47]
  12. a b c d e Cambodia, Egypt, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland participated in the equestrian events of the 1956 Games held in Stockholm in June,[22] but did not attend the Games in Melbourne later that year.[21]
  13. ^ Athletes from Malaya (MAL) and North Borneo competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games[21] and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games,[23] prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963.
  14. a b c Athletes from Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago competed as the British West Indies (BWI) at the 1960 Games.[23] The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958–1962, so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964.[24]
  15. ^ Syria was part of the United Arab Republic in 1960, but it is unknown if any Syrian athletes participated as part of the UAR team.
  16. ^ Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games,[24] but then withdrew from competition.
  17. ^ Singapore was part of the Federation of Malaysia in 1964 before gaining independence in 1965.
  18. a b c d Cameroon, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia competed for the first three days of the 1976 Games before withdrawing in support of the boycott by most African nations.[28]
  19. ^ Prior to Yemenite unification in 1990, North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) in 1984[31] and 1988,[32] and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic (YMD) in the 1988 Games.[32]
  20. ^ Brunei's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official, but no competing athletes.[32]
  21. a b c d e f g h i j k l m After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were all represented at the 1992 Games. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated as independent teams, and the other twelve nations participated as a combined Unified Team (EUN).[33]
  22. ^ Because of United Nations sanctions in Security Council Resolution 757,[48] athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) competed as Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) at the 1992 Games.[33] They were not permitted to compete in team sports such as basketball, handball, or water polo, and the Olympic flag was used in medal ceremonies.[49]
  23. ^ Athletes from Timor-Leste competed as Individual Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2000 Games.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, Timolean; Politis, N.G.; Anninos, Charalambos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896" (PDF). The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896. Athens: Charles Beck. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  2. ^ "Athens 1896". International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1896. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
  3. ^ a b "Olypic [sic] Games Athens 1896". Bulgarian Olympic Committee. http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  4. ^ a b "La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos" (in Spanish). Comité Olímpico de Chile. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20080111114222/http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm#chile. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  5. ^ Mallon, Bill; Widlund, Ture (1998). "1896 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1896 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-7864-0379-9. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
  6. ^ De Wael, Herman (2005-06-13). "Herman's Top Athina 1896 Olympians". http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/topath96.html. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
  7. ^ "Paris 1900". International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1900. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f Mallon, Bill (December 1997). "1900 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1900 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0786403783. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1900.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  9. ^ De Wael, Herman (2002-10-10). "Herman's Top Paris 1900 Olympians". http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/toppar00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
  10. ^ Mallon, Bill (February 1999). "1904 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1904 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0786405503. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1904.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  11. ^ "St. Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
  12. ^ a b c d Cook, Theodore Andrea (May 1909) (PDF). The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report. London: British Olympic Association. pp. 656. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1908/1908.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  13. ^ a b c d (ed). Bergvall, Erik (December 1913) (PDF). The Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 Official Report. Stockholm: Wahlström and Widstrand. pp. 889. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1912/1912.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  14. ^ (in French) (PDF) Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 — Official Report. Belgian Olympic Committee. 1957. pp. 168–170. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1920/1920.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  15. ^ (ed.) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français (in French) (PDF). Les Jeux de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924 - Rapport Officiel. Paris: Librairie de France. pp. 79. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  16. ^ a b (ed.) G. Van Rossem (1928) (PDF). The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report. Amsterdam: J. H. De Bussy. pp. 87–88. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  17. ^ a b (PDF) The Games of the Xth Olympiad Los Angeles 1932. Xth Olympiade Committee of the Games of Los Angeles, U.S.A. 1932. 1933. pp. 374. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932s.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  18. ^ Diem, Carl (1937) (PDF). XIth Olympic Games, Berlin 1936 Official Report. Berlin: Wilhelm Limpert. pp. 596–597. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v1sum.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  19. ^ a b c d e (ed.) Lord Burghley (1951) (PDF). The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. London: Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. pp. 546–547. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/OR1948.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  20. ^ a b c (ed.) Kolkka, Sulo (1955) (PDF). The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the Games of the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952. Helsinki: Organising Committee for the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952. pp. 244–255. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  21. ^ a b c d (PDF) The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956. Melbourne: The Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympiad, Melbourne, 1956. 1958. pp. 260–261. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/OR1956.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  22. ^ a b (PDF) The Equestrian Games of the XVI Olympiad Stockholm 1956. Stockholm: Esselte Aktiebolag. 1959. pp. 23. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/or1956eq.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  23. ^ a b c d e f (ed.) Giacomini, Romolo (May 1963) (PDF). The Games of the XVII Olympiad Rome 1960, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Volume 2. Rome: Carlo Colombo. pp. 56. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/OR1960v2pt1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i (PDF) The Official Report of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964, Volume II. Tokyo: The Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad. October 1966. pp. 2–13. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/or1964v2pt1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  25. ^ a b c d (ed.) Trueblood, Beatrice (1969) (PDF). The Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad Mexico 1968, Volume 3: The Games. Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/1968v3pt1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  26. ^ a b c (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (July–August 1975). "The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee) (93–94): pp. 290–306. http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1975/ore93/ore93zb.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
  27. ^ a b c d e f (ed.) Kunze, Herbert (1974) (PDF). The official report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972, Volume 3 The competitions. Munich: proSport. pp. 541–563. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/1972s3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  28. ^ a b (ed.) Chantigny, Louis (1978) (PDF). Games of the XXI Olympiad Montréal 1976 Official Report, Volume I Organization. Montreal: COJO 76. pp. 139–150. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1976/1976v1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  29. ^ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (November–December 1976). "Africa and the XXIst Olympiad" (PDF). Olympic Review (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee) (109–110): pp. 584–585. http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore109/ore109h.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
  30. ^ (ed.) I. T. Novikov (1981) (PDF). Games of the XXII Olympiad Moscow 1980, Volume 3 Participants and Results. Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport. pp. 610–639. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/or1980v3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  31. ^ a b c (ed.) Perelman, Richard B. (1985) (PDF). Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984, Volume 2 Competition Summary and Results. Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 224–227. ISBN 0-9614512-0-3. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1984/1984v2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  32. ^ a b c d e f (ed.) Lee Kyong-hee (September 1989) (PDF). Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul 1988 Official Report, Volume 2: Competition Summary and Results. Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 150–161. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/1988v2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  33. ^ a b c (ed.) Cuyàs, Romà (1992) (PDF). Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona 1992, Volume IV The Games. COOB'92. pp. 396–397. ISBN 84-7868-097-7. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1992/1992s4.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  34. ^ a b c d (ed.) Watkins, Ginger T. (1997) (PDF). The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 1-56145-150-9. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1996/1996v3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
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  36. ^ a b (ed.) Skarveli, Efharis; Zervos, Isabel (November 2005) (PDF). Official Report of the XXVIII Olympiad, Volume Two: The Games. Athens 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. pp. 528–529. ISBN 960-88101-7-5. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2004/or2004b.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  37. ^ "Brunei excluded from Beijing Games". Reuters. 2008-08-08. http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSPEK32791920080808. Retrieved 2008-08-15. 
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  42. ^ a b c De Wael, Herman (2001-01-24). "Fencing 1900". http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/fen1900.html. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
  43. ^ Mallon 1997, p.10.
  44. ^ Charles J.P. Lucas (1905) (PDF). The Olympic Games — 1904 (PDF). St. Louis, MO: Woodard & Tiernan. pp. 47. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1904/1904lucas.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-28. 
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  46. ^ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (January–February 1974). "New Zealand and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee) (74–75): pp. 44–59. http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1974/ore74/ore74q.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
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External links

Summer Games
Winter Games
1 Discounted ex post facto by the IOC. 2 Cancelled due to World War I. 3 Cancelled due to World War II.