List of military occupations

In most wars, some territory is placed under the martial law of a hostile army. Most belligerent military occupations end with the cessation of hostilities. In some cases, the occupied territory is returned and in other cases, the land remains under the control of the occupying power, but usually not as militarily-occupied territory.

For the purpose of selectivity, only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907 are included in this article.

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Contents 1 Occupations by non-belligerents 1.1 UN mandated military occupations 1.2 Other foreign non-belligerent military occupations 2 Belligerent military occupations 3 See also 4 Footnotes and references

Occupations by non-belligerents

UN mandated military occupations

For occupations mandated by the United Nations, see:

• List of countries where United Nations peacekeepers are currently deployed
• List of United Nations peacekeeping missions
• Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions

Other foreign non-belligerent military occupations

• Multinational Force and Observers on the Sinai Peninsula mandated on April 25, 1982 continues to observe compliance with the Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace. It is an observation organisation not an occupation but it does place some restrictions on the sovereignty of the area it observes.^[1]
• The Australian/New Zealand-led Operation Helpem Fren in the Solomon Islands (since July 2003) and Operation Astute in Timor-Leste (since May 2006).
• IPKF [Indian Peace Keeping Force], Indian peacekeeping operations in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990.
• Nigerian-led ECOMOG missions:
  • to end the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars, 1990-1995 and 2003 respectively.
  • to end the Sierra Leone Civil War, 1997-2000. The Organisation of African Unity endorsed the Nigerian-led West African peacekeeping force in 1998.
  • to Guinea-Bissau in 1999
  • to Guinea/Liberia border in 2001.
• NATO-led missions:
  • IFOR was a NATO-led multinational force that took over responsibilities from UNPROFOR in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1995–1996.
  • SFOR was a NATO-led multinational force that took over responsibilities from IFOR, 1996–2004
  • KFOR is a NATO-led multinational force responsible for establishing and maintaining security in Kosovo. This peace-enforcement force entered Kosovo on June 12, 1999 under a United Nations mandate, two days after the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1244, but it is not a United Nations blue helmeted peacekeeping mission.
  • ISAF is a (currently) NATO-led multinational force that performs "peacekeeping" in Afghanistan since December 2001.^[2] (see also UNAMA)
• African Union missions:
  • AMIS is the African Union force in Darfur, Sudan since August 2004 in response to the Darfur Conflict. It merged with UNAMID, a UN-mandated peacekeeping force deployed in Darfur, in December 2007.
  • AMISOM is the African Union force in Somalia since February 2007 in response to the War in Somalia.

Belligerent military occupations

• Occupation of Albania 1912–1913 during Balkan Wars
• Occupation of Belgium, Luxembourg, and Northeastern France by German Empire, 1914–1918 during World War I
• Austria-Hungarian occupation of Lublin, Serbia, Montenegro^[3], Albania^[3], and Northeastern Italy, 1914-1918.
• Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia, 1914–1915
• Bulgarian occupation of Albania, 1915-1917
• Occupation of Haiti by the United States, 1915-1934
• Occupation of the Dominican Republic by the United States, 1916-1924
• Occupation of parts of the Russian Empire by German Empire in World War I
• Occupation of large parts of Turkish Empire by the Allies during World War I
• Occupation of various parts of Turkey by Greece, France, Italy and the United Kingdom, 1919–1922^[4]
• Occupation of German colonies by the Allies during World War I
  • Occupation by South Africa of German South-West Africa (Namibia) from 1915–1920
• Occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium in 1923–1924
• Occupation of Manchuria by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War
• Occupation of eastern China by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War
• Occupation of Ethiopia by Italy during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War
• Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, 1938–1945
• Occupation of Albania by Italy April 4-12, 1939 (ended when the Albanian parliament voted to unite with Italy)
• Occupation of European countries by Germany during World War II, 1939–1945
• Military-led administrations in occupied territories
  • Occupation of Poland^[5]
  • Occupation of Denmark
  • Occupation of Norway
  • Occupation of Belgium
  • Occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers
  • Occupation of Belarus
  • Occupation of the Netherlands
  • Occupation of Luxembourg
  • Occupation of Northern France
  • Occupation of the Channel Islands
  • Occupation of Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece
  • Occupation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
  • Occupation of parts of the Soviet Union
  • Occupation of parts of Italy (after Italy surrendered in 1943)
  • Occupation of Hungary (after change of Government)
• Occupation of parts of south-eastern France by Italy 1940–1943
• Occupation of the Faroe Islands on April 12, 1940 by the United Kingdom for the duration of World War II
• Occupation of Iceland on May 10, 1940 by the United Kingdom, and then subsequently by the United States from July 7, 1941 for the duration of World War II
• Occupation of the Italian colony of Eritrea by the Allies in 1941 until status changed to British protectorate
• Occupation of parts of the Soviet Union and Finland during the Continuation War 1941–1944
• Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran by the Allies in 1941
• Occupation of Libya, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and parts of Italy by the Allies
• Occupation of many parts of Asia and the Pacific by Japan during World War II
  • Occupation of south eastern China
  • Occupation of Shanghai
  • Occupation of Hong Kong
  • Occupation of French Indochina
  • Occupation of parts of Siam (Thailand), until the government allied itself with Japan
  • Occupation of Malaya, North Borneo
  • Occupation of Singapore
  • Occupation of the Philippines
  • Occupation of Indonesia
  • Occupation of parts of Burma
  • Occupation of parts of New Guinea
• Occupation of many parts of Europe and Asia by the Soviet Union during and after World War II
  • Eastern bloc
  • Occupation of Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by the Soviet Union, 1940–1941; 1944-1991^{[nb 1] [nb 2]}
  • Occupation of eastern Poland in 1939 by the Soviet Union
  • Occupation of parts of Finland during the Winter War, 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union
  • Occupation of parts of Romania by the Soviet Union, 1940-1941
  • Soviet occupation of Romania 1944 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
  • Soviet occupation of Bulgaria 1944 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
  • Soviet occupation of Hungary 1945 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
  • Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia
  • Soviet occupation of East Germany
  • Soviet occupation of Poland
  • Soviet occupation of Afghanistan
  • Soviet occupation of Northern Iran
  • Soviet occupation of Korea
• Allied Occupation Zones in Germany, occupation under the Allied Control Council
  • Berlin remained under formal military occupation until September 12, 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed
• Occupation of Austria at the end of World War II in Europe
• Occupation of Japan, by the United States, 1945–1951
• Occupation of parts of Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan and of Aksai Chin by China, under Indian control during the Indo-Pakistani Wars 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999
• Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt, 1947–October 1956; March 1957–June 1967
• Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan, 1948–1967^[8]
• Occupation of parts of North and South Korea during the Korean War, 1950–1953
• Occupation of parts of Egypt by France, Britain, and Israel in 1956 during the Suez Crisis^[9][10]
• Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Israel October 1956–March 1957 during the Suez Crisis^[10]
• Occupation of the Dominican Republic by the United States and the Organization of American States, 1965-1966
• Occupation by South Africa of Namibia, 1966–1990 (see History of Namibia)
• Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Israel (1967-disputed) In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, multiple international organizations dispute this and argue that Gaza remains occupied as Israel continues to exercise "effective military control" over the territory as it controls its airspace, maritime borders, and the majority of its land borders.
• Occupation of Egypt's Sinai desert by Israel, 1967-1982
• Occupation of the Golan Heights region of Syria by Israel (1967–present). Israel applied civilian law to the Golan Heights in an act of de facto annexation. That action was ruled null and void by the United Nations Security Council in UNSC Resolution 497, and the international community continues to regard the Golan Heights as Syrian territory held under Israeli occupation.
• Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Israel (1967–present)^[11] East Jerusalem was placed under Israeli civil law in 1980 in an act of de facto annexation. That action was ruled null and void by the United Nations Security Council in UNSC Resolutin 478 and the international community continues to regard East Jerusalem as being held under Israeli occupation.
• Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact in 1968
• Occupation of part of Cyprus by Turkey since 1974
• Occupation by South Africa of parts of Angola from 1975 (see History of Namibia, History of Angola)
• Occupation of East Timor by Indonesia, 1975–1999
• Occupation of Western Sahara by Mauritania, 1975-1979 and Morocco, 1975–present
• Occupation of Aouzou Strip in Chad by Libya, 1976–1987
• Occupation of various parts of Lebanon by Syria, 1976–2005
• Occupation of parts of Uganda by Tanzania during the Uganda-Tanzania War 1978–1979
• Occupation of various parts of Lebanon by Israel (1978–2000)
• Occupation of parts of Cambodia during the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia 1979
• Occupation of parts of Vietnam during the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979
• Occupation of the Falkland Islands by Argentina during the Falklands War 1982
• Occupation of Panama (during United States invasion) 1989
• Occupation of Kuwait by Iraq during the Gulf War, 1990–1991
• Occupation of parts of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegowina by the Yugoslav Army and Serb paramilitary forces during the Yugoslav Wars 1991-1995
• Occupation of Haiti by the United States, following Operation Uphold Democracy 1994-1995
• Occupation of various parts of Azerbaijan by Armenia, 1994–present
• Occupation of parts of Eritrea and Ethiopia during the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2002
• Occupation of Lesotho by South Africa during the South African intervention in Lesotho, (September 1998–May 1999)
• Occupation of parts of Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) by Uganda, Ruanda, Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan during and after the Second Congo War of 1998–2002^[12]
• Occupation of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom, Poland and others: (2003–2004) (see United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546)-
• Occupation of parts of Somalia by Ethiopia. December 2006^[13]-January 2009 (Ethiopian intervention in Somalia)
• Occupation of parts (Abkhazia and South-Ossetia) of Georgia by Russia (August 2008)^[14]
• Occupation of parts (Abkhazia and South-Ossetia) of Georgia by Russia (2008-present)^[15][16][17]
• Occupation of Isla Calero of Costa Rica by Nicaragua with Google Maps (October, 2010-January, 2011)

See also

• CSDP missions - foreign non-belligerent military missions of the European Union
• Annexation
• Military rule
• Revanchism

Footnotes and references

Footnotes

References