List of XML and HTML character entity references

In SGML, HTML and XML documents, the logical constructs known as character data and attribute values consist of sequences of characters, in which each character can manifest directly (representing itself), or can be represented by a series of characters called a character reference, of which there are two types: a numeric character reference and a character entity reference. This article lists the character entity references that are valid in HTML and XML documents.

1 Character reference overview
2 Predefined entities in XML
3 Character entity references in HTML
4 Entities representing special characters in XHTML
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Character reference overview

A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and uses the format

&#nnnn;

&#xhhhh;

where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form. The x must be lowercase in XML documents. The nnnn or hhhh may be any number of digits and may include leading zeros. The hhhh may mix uppercase and lowercase, though uppercase is the usual style.

In contrast, a character entity reference refers to a character by the name of an entity which has the desired character as its replacement text. The entity must either be predefined (built-in to the markup language) or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). The format is the same as for any entity reference:

&name;

where name is the name of the entity. The semicolon is required.

Predefined entities in XML

The XML specification does not use the term "character entity" or "character entity reference". The XML specification defines five "predefined entities" representing special characters, and requires that all XML processors honor them. The entities can be explicitly declared in a DTD, as well, but if this is done, the replacement text must be the same as the built-in definitions. XML also allows other named entities of any size to be defined on a per-document basis.

The table below lists the five XML predefined entities. The "Name" column mentions the entity's name. The "Character" column shows the character. In order to render the character, the format &name; is used; for example, & renders as &. The "Unicode code point" column cites the character via standard UCS/Unicode "U+" notation, which shows the character's code point in hexadecimal. The decimal equivalent of the code point is then shown in parentheses. The "Standard" column indicates the first version of XML that includes the entity. The "Description" column cites the character via its canonical UCS/Unicode name, in English.

Name	Character	Unicode code point (decimal)	Standard	Description
quot	"	U+0022 (34)	XML 1.0	double quotation mark
amp	&	U+0026 (38)	XML 1.0	ampersand
apos	'	U+0027 (39)	XML 1.0	apostrophe (= apostrophe-quote)
lt	<	U+003C (60)	XML 1.0	less-than sign
gt	>	U+003E (62)	XML 1.0	greater-than sign

Character entity references in HTML

The HTML 4 DTDs define 252 named entities, references to which act as mnemonic aliases for certain Unicode characters. The HTML 4 specification requires the use of the standard DTDs and does not allow users to define additional entities.

In the table below, the "Standard" column indicates the first version of the HTML DTD that defines the character entity reference. HTML 4.01 did not provide any new character references.

Name	Character	Unicode code point (decimal)	Standard	DTD^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Old ISO subset^{[lower-alpha 2]}	Description^{[lower-alpha 3]}
quot	"	U+0022 (34)	HTML 2.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	quotation mark (= APL quote)
amp	&	U+0026 (38)	HTML 2.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	ampersand
apos	'	U+0027 (39)	XHTML 1.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	apostrophe (= apostrophe-quote); see below
lt	<	U+003C (60)	HTML 2.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	less-than sign
gt	>	U+003E (62)	HTML 2.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	greater-than sign
nbsp		U+00A0 (160)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	no-break space (= non-breaking space)^{[lower-alpha 4]}
iexcl	¡	U+00A1 (161)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	inverted exclamation mark
cent	¢	U+00A2 (162)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	cent sign
pound	£	U+00A3 (163)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	pound sign
curren	¤	U+00A4 (164)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	currency sign
yen	¥	U+00A5 (165)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	yen sign (= yuan sign)
brvbar	¦	U+00A6 (166)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	broken bar (= broken vertical bar)
sect	§	U+00A7 (167)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	section sign
uml	¨	U+00A8 (168)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOdia	diaeresis (= spacing diaeresis); see Germanic umlaut
copy	©	U+00A9 (169)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	copyright symbol
ordf	ª	U+00AA (170)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	feminine ordinal indicator
laquo	«	U+00AB (171)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	left-pointing double angle quotation mark (= left pointing guillemet)
not	¬	U+00AC (172)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	not sign
shy		U+00AD (173)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	soft hyphen (= discretionary hyphen)
reg	®	U+00AE (174)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	registered sign ( = registered trademark symbol)
macr	¯	U+00AF (175)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOdia	macron (= spacing macron = overline = APL overbar)
deg	°	U+00B0 (176)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	degree symbol
plusmn	±	U+00B1 (177)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	plus-minus sign (= plus-or-minus sign)
sup2	²	U+00B2 (178)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	superscript two (= superscript digit two = squared)
sup3	³	U+00B3 (179)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	superscript three (= superscript digit three = cubed)
acute	´	U+00B4 (180)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOdia	acute accent (= spacing acute)
micro	µ	U+00B5 (181)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	micro sign
para	¶	U+00B6 (182)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	pilcrow sign ( = paragraph sign)
middot	·	U+00B7 (183)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	middle dot (= Georgian comma = Greek middle dot)
cedil	¸	U+00B8 (184)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOdia	cedilla (= spacing cedilla)
sup1	¹	U+00B9 (185)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	superscript one (= superscript digit one)
ordm	º	U+00BA (186)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	masculine ordinal indicator
raquo	»	U+00BB (187)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	right-pointing double angle quotation mark (= right pointing guillemet)
frac14	¼	U+00BC (188)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	vulgar fraction one quarter (= fraction one quarter)
frac12	½	U+00BD (189)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	vulgar fraction one half (= fraction one half)
frac34	¾	U+00BE (190)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	vulgar fraction three quarters (= fraction three quarters)
iquest	¿	U+00BF (191)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	inverted question mark (= turned question mark)
Agrave	À	U+00C0 (192)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter A with grave accent (= Latin capital letter A grave)
Aacute	Á	U+00C1 (193)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter A with acute accent
Acirc	Â	U+00C2 (194)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter A with circumflex
Atilde	Ã	U+00C3 (195)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter A with tilde
Auml	Ä	U+00C4 (196)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
Aring	Å	U+00C5 (197)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter A with ring above (= Latin capital letter A ring)
AElig	Æ	U+00C6 (198)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter AE (= Latin capital ligature AE)
Ccedil	Ç	U+00C7 (199)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter C with cedilla
Egrave	È	U+00C8 (200)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter E with grave accent
Eacute	É	U+00C9 (201)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter E with acute accent
Ecirc	Ê	U+00CA (202)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter E with circumflex
Euml	Ë	U+00CB (203)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
Igrave	Ì	U+00CC (204)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter I with grave accent
Iacute	Í	U+00CD (205)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter I with acute accent
Icirc	Î	U+00CE (206)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter I with circumflex
Iuml	Ï	U+00CF (207)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
ETH	Ð	U+00D0 (208)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter Eth
Ntilde	Ñ	U+00D1 (209)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter N with tilde
Ograve	Ò	U+00D2 (210)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter O with grave accent
Oacute	Ó	U+00D3 (211)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter O with acute accent
Ocirc	Ô	U+00D4 (212)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter O with circumflex
Otilde	Õ	U+00D5 (213)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter O with tilde
Ouml	Ö	U+00D6 (214)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
times	×	U+00D7 (215)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	multiplication sign
Oslash	Ø	U+00D8 (216)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter O with stroke (= Latin capital letter O slash)
Ugrave	Ù	U+00D9 (217)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter U with grave accent
Uacute	Ú	U+00DA (218)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter U with acute accent
Ucirc	Û	U+00DB (219)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter U with circumflex
Uuml	Ü	U+00DC (220)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
Yacute	Ý	U+00DD (221)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter Y with acute accent
THORN	Þ	U+00DE (222)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin capital letter THORN
szlig	ß	U+00DF (223)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter sharp s (= ess-zed); see German Eszett
agrave	à	U+00E0 (224)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter a with grave accent
aacute	á	U+00E1 (225)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter a with acute accent
acirc	â	U+00E2 (226)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter a with circumflex
atilde	ã	U+00E3 (227)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter a with tilde
auml	ä	U+00E4 (228)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter a with diaeresis
aring	å	U+00E5 (229)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter a with ring above
aelig	æ	U+00E6 (230)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter ae (= Latin small ligature ae)
ccedil	ç	U+00E7 (231)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter c with cedilla
egrave	è	U+00E8 (232)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter e with grave accent
eacute	é	U+00E9 (233)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter e with acute accent
ecirc	ê	U+00EA (234)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter e with circumflex
euml	ë	U+00EB (235)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter e with diaeresis
igrave	ì	U+00EC (236)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter i with grave accent
iacute	í	U+00ED (237)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter i with acute accent
icirc	î	U+00EE (238)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter i with circumflex
iuml	ï	U+00EF (239)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter i with diaeresis
eth	ð	U+00F0 (240)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter eth
ntilde	ñ	U+00F1 (241)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter n with tilde
ograve	ò	U+00F2 (242)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter o with grave accent
oacute	ó	U+00F3 (243)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter o with acute accent
ocirc	ô	U+00F4 (244)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter o with circumflex
otilde	õ	U+00F5 (245)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter o with tilde
ouml	ö	U+00F6 (246)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter o with diaeresis
divide	÷	U+00F7 (247)	HTML 3.2	HTMLlat1	ISOnum	division sign (= obelus)
oslash	ø	U+00F8 (248)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter o with stroke (= Latin small letter o slash)
ugrave	ù	U+00F9 (249)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter u with grave accent
uacute	ú	U+00FA (250)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter u with acute accent
ucirc	û	U+00FB (251)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter u with circumflex
uuml	ü	U+00FC (252)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter u with diaeresis
yacute	ý	U+00FD (253)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter y with acute accent
thorn	þ	U+00FE (254)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter thorn
yuml	ÿ	U+00FF (255)	HTML 2.0	HTMLlat1	ISOlat1	Latin small letter y with diaeresis
OElig	Œ	U+0152 (338)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOlat2	Latin capital ligature oe^{[lower-alpha 5]}
oelig	œ	U+0153 (339)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOlat2	Latin small ligature oe^{[lower-alpha 5]}
Scaron	Š	U+0160 (352)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOlat2	Latin capital letter s with caron
scaron	š	U+0161 (353)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOlat2	Latin small letter s with caron
Yuml	Ÿ	U+0178 (376)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOlat2	Latin capital letter y with diaeresis
fnof	ƒ	U+0192 (402)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	Latin small letter f with hook (= function = florin)
circ	ˆ	U+02C6 (710)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	modifier letter circumflex accent
tilde	˜	U+02DC (732)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOdia	small tilde
Alpha	Α	U+0391 (913)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Alpha
Beta	Β	U+0392 (914)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Beta
Gamma	Γ	U+0393 (915)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Gamma
Delta	Δ	U+0394 (916)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Delta
Epsilon	Ε	U+0395 (917)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Epsilon
Zeta	Ζ	U+0396 (918)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Zeta
Eta	Η	U+0397 (919)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Eta
Theta	Θ	U+0398 (920)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Theta
Iota	Ι	U+0399 (921)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Iota
Kappa	Κ	U+039A (922)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Kappa
Lambda	Λ	U+039B (923)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Lambda
Mu	Μ	U+039C (924)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Mu
Nu	Ν	U+039D (925)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Nu
Xi	Ξ	U+039E (926)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Xi
Omicron	Ο	U+039F (927)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Omicron
Pi	Π	U+03A0 (928)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Pi
Rho	Ρ	U+03A1 (929)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Rho
Sigma	Σ	U+03A3 (931)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Sigma
Tau	Τ	U+03A4 (932)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Tau
Upsilon	Υ	U+03A5 (933)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Upsilon
Phi	Φ	U+03A6 (934)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Phi
Chi	Χ	U+03A7 (935)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol		Greek capital letter Chi
Psi	Ψ	U+03A8 (936)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Psi
Omega	Ω	U+03A9 (937)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek capital letter Omega
alpha	α	U+03B1 (945)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter alpha
beta	β	U+03B2 (946)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter beta
gamma	γ	U+03B3 (947)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter gamma
delta	δ	U+03B4 (948)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter delta
epsilon	ε	U+03B5 (949)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter epsilon
zeta	ζ	U+03B6 (950)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter zeta
eta	η	U+03B7 (951)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter eta
theta	θ	U+03B8 (952)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter theta
iota	ι	U+03B9 (953)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter iota
kappa	κ	U+03BA (954)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter kappa
lambda	λ	U+03BB (955)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter lambda
mu	μ	U+03BC (956)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter mu
nu	ν	U+03BD (957)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter nu
xi	ξ	U+03BE (958)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter xi
omicron	ο	U+03BF (959)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	NEW	Greek small letter omicron
pi	π	U+03C0 (960)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter pi
rho	ρ	U+03C1 (961)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter rho
sigmaf	ς	U+03C2 (962)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter final sigma
sigma	σ	U+03C3 (963)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter sigma
tau	τ	U+03C4 (964)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter tau
upsilon	υ	U+03C5 (965)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter upsilon
phi	φ	U+03C6 (966)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter phi
chi	χ	U+03C7 (967)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter chi
psi	ψ	U+03C8 (968)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter psi
omega	ω	U+03C9 (969)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek small letter omega
thetasym	ϑ	U+03D1 (977)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	NEW	Greek theta symbol
upsih	ϒ	U+03D2 (978)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	NEW	Greek Upsilon with hook symbol
piv	ϖ	U+03D6 (982)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOgrk3	Greek pi symbol
ensp		U+2002 (8194)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	en space^{[lower-alpha 4]}
emsp		U+2003 (8195)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	em space^{[lower-alpha 4]}
thinsp		U+2009 (8201)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	thin space^{[lower-alpha 4]}
zwnj		U+200C (8204)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	NEW RFC 2070	zero-width non-joiner
zwj		U+200D (8205)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	NEW RFC 2070	zero-width joiner
lrm		U+200E (8206)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	NEW RFC 2070	left-to-right mark
rlm		U+200F (8207)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	NEW RFC 2070	right-to-left mark
ndash	–	U+2013 (8211)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	en dash
mdash	—	U+2014 (8212)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	em dash
lsquo	‘	U+2018 (8216)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	left single quotation mark
rsquo	’	U+2019 (8217)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	right single quotation mark
sbquo	‚	U+201A (8218)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	NEW	single low-9 quotation mark
ldquo	“	U+201C (8220)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	left double quotation mark
rdquo	”	U+201D (8221)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOnum	right double quotation mark
bdquo	„	U+201E (8222)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	NEW	double low-9 quotation mark
dagger	†	U+2020 (8224)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	dagger, obelisk
Dagger	‡	U+2021 (8225)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	double dagger, double obelisk
bull	•	U+2022 (8226)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOpub	bullet (= black small circle)^{[lower-alpha 6]}
hellip	…	U+2026 (8230)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOpub	horizontal ellipsis (= three dot leader)
permil	‰	U+2030 (8240)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISOtech	per mille sign
prime	′	U+2032 (8242)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	prime (= minutes = feet)
Prime	″	U+2033 (8243)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	double prime (= seconds = inches)
lsaquo	‹	U+2039 (8249)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISO proposed	single left-pointing angle quotation mark^{[lower-alpha 7]}
rsaquo	›	U+203A (8250)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	ISO proposed	single right-pointing angle quotation mark^{[lower-alpha 7]}
oline	‾	U+203E (8254)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	NEW	overline (= spacing overscore)
frasl	⁄	U+2044 (8260)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	NEW	fraction slash (= solidus)
euro	€	U+20AC (8364)	HTML 4.0	HTMLspecial	NEW	euro sign
image	ℑ	U+2111 (8465)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamso	black-letter capital I (= imaginary part)
weierp	℘	U+2118 (8472)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamso	script capital P (= power set = Weierstrass p)
real	ℜ	U+211C (8476)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamso	black-letter capital R (= real part symbol)
trade	™	U+2122 (8482)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOnum	trademark symbol
alefsym	ℵ	U+2135 (8501)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	NEW	alef symbol (= first transfinite cardinal)^{[lower-alpha 8]}
larr	←	U+2190 (8592)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOnum	leftwards arrow
uarr	↑	U+2191 (8593)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOnum	upwards arrow
rarr	→	U+2192 (8594)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOnum	rightwards arrow
darr	↓	U+2193 (8595)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOnum	downwards arrow
harr	↔	U+2194 (8596)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsa	left right arrow
crarr	↵	U+21B5 (8629)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	NEW	downwards arrow with corner leftwards (= carriage return)
lArr	⇐	U+21D0 (8656)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	leftwards double arrow^{[lower-alpha 9]}
uArr	⇑	U+21D1 (8657)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsa	upwards double arrow
rArr	⇒	U+21D2 (8658)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOnum	rightwards double arrow^{[lower-alpha 10]}
dArr	⇓	U+21D3 (8659)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsa	downwards double arrow
hArr	⇔	U+21D4 (8660)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsa	left right double arrow
forall	∀	U+2200 (8704)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	for all
part	∂	U+2202 (8706)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	partial differential
exist	∃	U+2203 (8707)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	there exists
empty	∅	U+2205 (8709)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamso	empty set (= null set = diameter)
nabla	∇	U+2207 (8711)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	nabla (= backward difference)
isin	∈	U+2208 (8712)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	element of
notin	∉	U+2209 (8713)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	not an element of
ni	∋	U+220B (8715)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	contains as member
prod	∏	U+220F (8719)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsb	n-ary product (= product sign)^{[lower-alpha 11]}
sum	∑	U+2211 (8721)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsb	n-ary summation^{[lower-alpha 12]}
minus	−	U+2212 (8722)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	minus sign
lowast	∗	U+2217 (8727)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	asterisk operator
radic	√	U+221A (8730)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	square root (= radical sign)
prop	∝	U+221D (8733)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	proportional to
infin	∞	U+221E (8734)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	infinity
ang	∠	U+2220 (8736)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamso	angle
and	∧	U+2227 (8743)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	logical and (= wedge)
or	∨	U+2228 (8744)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	logical or (= vee)
cap	∩	U+2229 (8745)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	intersection (= cap)
cup	∪	U+222A (8746)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	union (= cup)
int	∫	U+222B (8747)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	integral
there4	∴	U+2234 (8756)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	therefore sign
sim	∼	U+223C (8764)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	tilde operator (= varies with = similar to)^{[lower-alpha 13]}
cong	≅	U+2245 (8773)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	congruent to
asymp	≈	U+2248 (8776)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsr	almost equal to (= asymptotic to)
ne	≠	U+2260 (8800)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	not equal to
equiv	≡	U+2261 (8801)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	identical to; sometimes used for 'equivalent to'
le	≤	U+2264 (8804)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	less-than or equal to
ge	≥	U+2265 (8805)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	greater-than or equal to
sub	⊂	U+2282 (8834)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	subset of
sup	⊃	U+2283 (8835)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	superset of^{[lower-alpha 14]}
nsub	⊄	U+2284 (8836)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsn	not a subset of
sube	⊆	U+2286 (8838)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	subset of or equal to
supe	⊇	U+2287 (8839)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	superset of or equal to
oplus	⊕	U+2295 (8853)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsb	circled plus (= direct sum)
otimes	⊗	U+2297 (8855)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsb	circled times (= vector product)
perp	⊥	U+22A5 (8869)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	up tack (= orthogonal to = perpendicular)^{[lower-alpha 15]}
sdot	⋅	U+22C5 (8901)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsb	dot operator^{[lower-alpha 16]}
lceil	⌈	U+2308 (8968)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsc	left ceiling (= APL upstile)
rceil	⌉	U+2309 (8969)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsc	right ceiling
lfloor	⌊	U+230A (8970)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsc	left floor (= APL downstile)
rfloor	⌋	U+230B (8971)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOamsc	right floor
lang	〈	U+2329 (9001)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	left-pointing angle bracket (= bra)^{[lower-alpha 17]}
rang	〉	U+232A (9002)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOtech	right-pointing angle bracket (= ket)^{[lower-alpha 18]}
loz	◊	U+25CA (9674)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOpub	lozenge
spades	♠	U+2660 (9824)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOpub	black spade suit^{[lower-alpha 6]}
clubs	♣	U+2663 (9827)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOpub	black club suit (= shamrock)^{[lower-alpha 6]}
hearts	♥	U+2665 (9829)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOpub	black heart suit (= valentine)^{[lower-alpha 6]}
diams	♦	U+2666 (9830)	HTML 4.0	HTMLsymbol	ISOpub	black diamond suit^{[lower-alpha 6]}

Notes:

^ DTD: the full public DTD name (where the character entity name is defined) is actually mapped from one of the following three defined named entities:
- HTMLlat1 maps to:
  - PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Latin 1//EN//HTML" in HTML (the DTD is implicitly defined, no system URI is needed);
  - PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Latin 1 for XHTML//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-lat1.ent" in XHTML 1.0;
- HTMLsymbol maps to:
  - PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Symbols//EN//HTML" in HTML (the DTD is implicitly defined, no system URI is needed);
  - PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Symbols for XHTML//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-symbol.ent" in XHTML 1.0;
- HTMLspecial maps to:
  - PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Special//EN//HTML" in HTML (the DTD is implicitly defined, no system URI is needed);
  - PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Special for XHTML//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-special.ent" in XHTML 1.0.
^ Old ISO subset: these are old (documented) character subsets used in legacy encodings before the unification within ISO 10646.
^ Description: the standard ISO 10646 and Unicode character name is displayed first for each character, with non-standard but legacy synonyms shown in italics between parentheses after an equal sign.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d spaces: a blue background has been used in order to display each space's width.
^ ^a ^b ligature: this is a standard misnomer as this is a separate character in some languages.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e black: here it seems to mean filled as opposed to hollow.
^ ^a ^b ISO proposed: these characters have been standardized in ISO 10646 after the release of HTML 4.0.
^ alefsym: 'alef symbol' is NOT the same as U+05D0 'Hebrew letter alef', although the same glyph could be used to depict both characters.
^ lArr: ISO 10646 does not say that 'leftwards double arrow' is the same as the 'is implied by' arrow but also does not have any other character for that function. So lArr can be used for 'is implied by' as ISOtech suggests.
^ rArr: ISO 10646 does not say that 'rightwards double arrow' is the 'implies' character but does not have another character with this function so rArr can be used for 'implies' as ISOtech suggests.
^ prod: 'n-ary product' is NOT the same character as U+03A0 'Greek capital letter Pi' though the same glyph might be used for both.
^ sum: 'n-ary summation' is NOT the same character as U+03A3 'Greek capital letter Sigma' though the same glyph might be used for both.
^ sim: 'tilde operator' is NOT the same character as U+007E 'tilde', although the same glyph might be used to represent both.
^ sup: note that nsup, U+2283 'not a superset of', is not covered by the Symbol font encoding and is not included. Should it be, for symmetry? It is in the ISOamsn subset.
^ perp: Unicode only defines U+22A5 as the "up tack". The Unicode symbol for "perpendicular" is U+27C2. The two symbols look similar, but are separate in Unicode. However, HTML uses U+22A5 as its "perpendicular" symbol. This is a discrepancy between HTML and Unicode. As well, the U+22A4 character (the "down tack" symbol) rendered in a browser such as Firefox 3.6 can match the font of either "up tack" or "perpendicular", but not both, depending on whether a fixed-width or a proportional font is used. When viewed in Firefox 3.6, the symbols rendered in the order U+22A5, U+22A4, U+27C2 in a proportional font: ⊥ ⊤ ⟂ and a fixed width one: ⊥ ⊤ ⟂, shows that the "down tack" has a similar look to U+22A5 (HTML's "perpendicular") in the first case but matches U+27C2 in the second. This exemplifies the difficulties of the semiotics involved in interpreting glyphs, symbols and characters generally.
^ sdot: 'dot operator' is NOT the same character as U+00B7 'middle dot'.
^ lang: 'left-pointing angle bracket' is NOT the same character as U+003C 'less than', U+2039 'single left-pointing angle quotation mark', U+2329 'left-pointing angle bracket', U+27E8 'mathematical left angle bracket', or U+3008 'left angle bracket' though the same glyph may be used for all of them.
^ rang: 'right-pointing angle bracket' is NOT the same character as U+003E 'greater than', U+203A 'single right-pointing angle quotation mark', U+232A 'right-pointing angle bracket', U+27E9 'mathematical right angle bracket', or U+3009 'right angle bracket' though the same glyph may be used for all of them.

Entities representing special characters in XHTML

The XHTML DTDs explicitly declare 253 entities (including the 5 predefined entities of XML 1.0) whose expansion is a single character, which can therefore be informally referred to as "character entities". These (with the exception of the ' entity) have the same names and represent the same characters as the 252 character entities in HTML. Also, by virtue of being XML, XHTML documents may reference the predefined ' entity, which is not one of the 252 character entities in HTML. Additional entities of any size may be defined on a per-document basis. However, the usability of entity references in XHTML is affected by how the document is being processed:

If the document is read by a conforming HTML processor, then only the 252 HTML character entities can safely be used. The use of ' or custom entity references may not be supported and may produce unpredictable results.
If the document is read by an XML parser that does not or cannot read external entities, then only the five built-in XML character entities (see above) can safely be used, although other entities may be used if they are declared in the internal DTD subset.
If the document is read by an XML parser that does read external entities, then the five built-in XML character entities can safely be used. The other 248 HTML character entities can be used as long as the XHTML DTD is accessible to the parser at the time the document is read. Other entities may also be used if they are declared in the internal DTD subset.

Because of the special ' case mentioned above, only ", &, <, and > will work in all processing situations.

References

Unicode Consortium. See also: Unicode Consortium
- UnicodeData.txt from the Unicode Consortium
World Wide Web Consortium. See also: World Wide Web Consortium
The normative reference to RFC 2070 (still found in DTDs defining the character entities for HTML or XHTML) is historic; this RFC (along with other RFC's related to different part of the HTML specification) has been deprecated in favor of the newer informational RFC 2854 which defines the "text/html" MIME type and references directly the W3C specifications for the actual HTML content.
Numerical Reference of Unicode code points at Wikibooks

External links

Character entity references in HTML 4 at the W3C
Multilanguage special character entity list - List of special characters, entities and their names.
HTML Entities Encoder/Decoder - HTML Encoder/Decoder.
HTML entities quick reference table