List of Galician words of Celtic origin
This is a list of Galician words of Celtic origin, some of them being also shared with Portuguese. A few of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from a Celtic source, usually Gaulish, while other have been later received from other languages, mainly French, Occitan, and Spanish. Finally, some other words were directly acquired from local pre-Latin languages. Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.
A thoughtful and systematic investigation on the Galician lexicon of Celtic origin is still lacking.[1]
A - C
- abanqueiro[2][3] [m] 'waterfall < *(? beaver) dam', formally a derivative in -arium of *abanco, from Proto-Celtic *abankos 'beaver, water demon'[4][5] cognate of Irish abacc 'dwarf', Welsh afanc 'beaver, dwarf', Breton avank 'dwarf, sea monster'.
- agruño / abruño [m] 'sloe', from proto-Celtic *agr-in-yo-,[6][7][8], influenced by Latin PRUNUM 'plum', akin to Irish áirne, Welsh eirin 'plum', Occitan agranhon, Catalan aranyó.
- albó, alboio [m] 'shed, barn, enclosure', from proto-Celtic *ɸare-bow-yo-[9], cognate of Old Irish airbe 'hedge, fence, pen'.
- ambas [f p] 'waters, river', ambas mestas [f] 'confluence',[10] Old Galician, to Celtic *amb-[11] 'water, river' (cognate of Gaulish ambe' 'river') and Latin mixtas 'mixed'.
- banzo[2] [m] (alternative spelling banço) 'crossbar, beam', from proto-Celtic *wank-yo-[12], cognate of Spanish banzo, Irish féige 'ridgepole'.
- Derivatives: banza 'backrest', banzado, banzao 'palisade, dam'.
- barra [f] 'garret, loft, upper platform', from proto-Celtic *barro-,[13][14] cognate of Irish, Welsh, Breton barr 'summit, top, spike'.
- Derivatives: combarro, combarrizo 'shed, shelter'.
- berro [m] 'watercress', from proto-Celtic *beru-ro-,[15][16][17][18] cognate of Spanish berro, Old Irish biror, Old Breton beror, akin to French berle which derives from Gallo-Latin berula .
- bico [m] 'beak, kiss', from proto-Celtic *bekko-,[19][20][21] cognate of Breton bec, Italian becco, French bec.
- Derivatives: bicar 'to kiss', bicaño 'hill', bicallo (a fish, Gadus luscus).
- bidueiro[2] [m] < *betūlariu, biduo [m] < *betūlu, bidulo [m] < *betūllu 'birch',[22] from Celtic *betu- or *betū-[23][24], akin to Spanish biezo, abedul, Old Irish beithe, Middle Breton bezu.
- Derivatives: Bidueiral, Bidual 'place with birch-trees'.
- billa,[2] alternative spelling bilha, [f] 'spigot; stick' to Proto-Celtic *belyo- 'tree, trunk'[25], akin to Irish bile 'large tree, tree trunk', French bille 'log, chunch of wood'.
- borba[2] [f] 'mud, slime, mucus', from proto-Celtic *borwâ-,[26] cognate of French bourbe 'mud'.
- Derivatives: borbento 'mucilaginous'.
- borne [m] 'edge', from French borne, from proto-Celtic *botina.[27]
- braga[2] [f] 'trousers', from proto-Celtic *braco-,[28] cognate of Spanish braga, French braie, Italian brache.
- Derivatives: bragal, bragada 'spawn', bragueiro 'trus'.
- braña [f] (alternative spelling branha) 'meadow, bog, quagmire', from proto-Celtic *bragno-,[29][30] cognate of Asturian braña, Catalan braina, akin to Irish brén Welsh braen Breton brein 'putrid', I bréanar W braenar B breinar 'fallow field'.
- Derivatives: brañal, brañeira, brañento 'idem'.
- breixo[31] [m] 'heather', from the Hispano-Celtic form *broiccios,[32] derivative of Proto-Celtic *wroyko-,[33] cognate of Old Irish froich, Welsh gwrug, French bruyere, Spanish brezo.
- Old Galician bren [m] 'bran', maybe from Provençal brem, from proto-Celtic *brenno-,[34] cognate of French bran, Lombard bren.
- bringa[35] [f]'stalk, rod', from *brīnikā, to Celtic *brīnos 'rod', akin to French brin 'stalk'.
- brío[2] [m] 'might, power', from proto-Celtic *brigo-,[36] cognate of Spanish brío, Italian brio, Occitan briu, Welsh bri 'prestige, authority', Breton bry 'respect'.
- Old Galician busto [m] 'cattle farm, dairy', from a Celtic composite *bow-sto-[37] meaning 'cow-place', cognate of Celtiberian boustom, similar to Breton boutig 'stable'.
- Derivatives: bustar 'pastures'.
- cai [m] 'quay, jetty', maybe from French (Normand) quai, from proto-Celtic *kag-yo-,[38][39][40] cognate of Welsh cae Breton kae 'hedge'.
- cambiar 'to change', from Vulgar Latin cambiare, from proto-Celtic *kambo-,[41][42][43] cognate of Italian cambiare French changer Provençal, Catalan, Spanish cambiar.
- Derivatives: cambio 'exchange', cambiador 'exchanger'.
- camba[2] [f] 'wheel rim' from proto-Celtic *kambo-,[44][45][46] cognate of Old Irish camm 'crooked'.
- Derivatives: cambito, cambada, camballa, cambeira 'coil; crooked log for hanging fish', cambela 'type of plough', cambota 'beam'.
- camiño[2] [m] 'pathway', alternative spelling caminho, from Vulgar Latin *cammīnus, from proto-Celtic *kanxsman-,[47][48] cognate of Italian cammino, French chemin, Spanish camino, Catalan, Provençal camí; akin to Old Irish céimm, Breton cam 'step'.
- Derivatives: camiñar 'to walk'.
- camisa[2] [f] 'shirt' from proto-Celtic camisia.[49]
- canga[2] [f] 'collar, yoke', from proto-Celtic *kambika.[50]
- canto [m] 'rim, corner', from proto-Celtic *kanto-,[51] cognate of Old Irish cét 'round stone pillar, Welsh cant 'rim, tyre, dome', Breton kant 'disk', Old French chant Occitan cant, Spanish canto.
- Derivatives: recanto 'corner', cantón 'extreme of a field', acantoar 'to hide, to isolate', cantil 'cliff'
- carro [m] 'cart, wagon', from Vulgar Latin carrum, from proto-Celtic *karro-,[52][53][54] cognate of Rumanian car, Italian carro, French char, Provençal car, Spanish carro, Irish carr, Welsh car, Breton karr.
- Derivatives: carreira 'road', carregar 'to load'.
- cervexa[2] [f] 'beer', alternative spelling cerveja, from Vulgar Latin *cerevisiam, of Celtic origin.[55] Cognates: French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza, Welsh cwrw.
- cheda[2] [f] 'lateral external board of a cart, where the crossbars are affixed', from proto-Celtic *klētā, [56][57][58] cognate of Irish clíath 'palisade, hurdle', Welsh clwyd 'barrier, wattle, scaffolding, gate', French claie, Provençal, Catalan cleda 'blinds'. Or either from proto-Celtic *klit-[59] 'pilar, post'.
- choco [m] 'cowbell; squid', from proto-Celtic *klokko-,[60][61][62] cognate of Old Irish cloc, akin to French cloche 'bell', English clok.
- Derivatives: chocar 'to bang, to shock', chocallo 'cowbell'.
- colmea[2] [m] 'beehive', from a Celtic form *kolm-ēnā 'made of straw'.[63]
- cómaro, comareiro [m] 'limits of a patch or field, usually left intentionally unploughed', from proto-Celtic *kom-ɸare-(yo)-,[64] cognate of Old Irish comair 'in front of', Welsh cyfair 'direction, place, spot, acre'. Or either to *kom-boros 'brought together'.[65]
- Derivatives: acomarar 'to mark out a field (literally to dote with cómaros)'.
- comba [f] 'valley, inflexion', from proto-Celtic *kumbā,[66][67][68] cognate of North Italian komba, French combe, Provençal comba, Irish com, Welsh cwm, Breton komm.
- combo [m] (adj.) 'curved, bended', from proto-Celtic *kumbo-,[69][70][71] cognate of Provençal comb, Spanish combo.
- Derivatives: combar 'to bend'.
- comboa [f] 'corral used for capturing fish trapped in low tide', from medieval combona, from proto-Celtic *combā 'valley' or *combos 'bended'.[72]
- crica [f] 'vulva; nose; ribbon', from proto-Celtic *krīkʷā,[73] cognate of Old Irish crich 'furrow, trench, boundary', Welsh crib 'comb, crest'.
- croio[2] [m] 'rolling stone', croia [f] 'pip', from proto-Celtic *krowdi-,[74][75][76] cognate of Irish cruaidh 'hard, harsh' Occitan croi North Italian crojo.
- Derivatives: croio (adj.) 'ugly, rude'; croído, croieira 'stony place/beach'.
- crouca [f] 'head; protuberance in the back of cows and ox', from proto-Celtic *krowkā-,[77][78][79] cognate of French cruque 'mould', Irish croach 'heap', Welsh crug 'cairn, hillock', Old Breton krug 'protuberance'.
- Derivatives: crocar 'swell, bulge, bruise', croque 'bump'.
- curro [m] 'corral, pen; corner', from proto-Celtic *kurro-,[80] cognate of Irish carr 'protruding', Welsh cwrr 'corner, edge, brim, end', French cor 'edge, corner', Spanish corro, corral.
- Derivatives: curruncho, currucho, currullo 'corner, end', currusco 'protruding part (in bread)', curral 'corral, pen'.
D - Z
- embaixada [f] 'embassy', from Provençal ambaissada, from proto-Celtic *ambactus 'servant'.[81]
- gabela [f] 'handful, faggot', alternative spelling gavela, from proto-Celtic *gabaglā-,[82][83][84] cognate of French javelle, Provençal gavela, Spanish gavilla; akin to Old Cornish gavael 'catch, capture'.
- galga [f] 'plain stone', from *gallikā, to Proto-Celtic *gallos 'stone',[85] akin to Irish gall, French galet 'gravel' gallete 'plain cake', Spanish galga.
- Derivatives: galgar 'carving a stone to make it plain and regular'.
- gorar[2] 'to hatch, to brood (an egg, or a sickness)', from proto-Celtic *gʷor-,[86][87] akin to Old Irish guirid 'to warm' Welsh gori 'brood, sit (of hen)'.
- Derivatives: goro 'warmed infertile egg'.
- gubia [f] 'gouge', from proto-Celtic *gulb- 'beak',[88][89] cognate of Italian sgorvia, Welsh gylf.
- lándoa [f] 'uncultivated plot', from *landula, Romance derivative of proto-Celtic *landā,[90][91][92] cognate of Old Irish lann 'land, plot; church', Welsh lann 'church-yard', French lande 'sandy moor, heath', Provençal, Catalan landa.
- lavego [m], lavega [f] 'plough', from *ɸlāw-aiko-,[93] to proto-Celtic *ɸlāwo-, cognate of Langobard plovum, German Pflug, English plough.
- laxe[2][94] [f] 'stone slab', alternative spelling lage, from medieval lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā,[95] cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.
- legua or légua[96] [f] 'league', to Proto-Celtic *leukā, cognate of French lieue, Spanish legua.
- leira [f] 'plot, delimited and levelled field', from proto-Celtic *ɸlār-yo-,[97][98] akin to Old Irish làr 'ground', Old Breton lor 'floor', English floor.
- Derivatives: leiro 'small, ou unleveled, plot', leirar 'land working', leiroto, leiruca 'small plot'.
- Old Galician ler [m] 'sea, seashore', from proto-Celtic *liro-,[99][100] cognate of Old Irish ler, Breton llyr 'sea'.
- lousa[2] [f] 'flagstone', from Proto-Celtic *laws-,[101] cognate of Provençal lausa, Spanish losa.
- Derivatives: enlousar 'to cover with flagstones', lousado 'roof'.
- marulo [m] 'big, fat kid', from *mārullu,[102] to proto-Celtic *māro- 'large, great, big'.
- meniño [m] 'kid, child, baby', alternative spelling meninho, from medieval mennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-,[103] akin to Irish menn 'kid, young of an animal', Welsh myn 'young goat, kid', Breton menn 'young goat'.
- Derivatives: meniñez 'childhood'.
- miñoca [f] 'earthworm', alternative spelling minhoca, dialectal mioca, miroca, from medieval *milocca, from proto-Celtic *mîlo-,[104][105] akin to Asturian milo, meruca 'earthworm', Old Irish, Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'.
- olga [f] 'patch, plot', from proto-Celtic *ɸolkā,[106][107][108] cognate of French ouche, Provençal olca.
- peza [f] 'piece', alternative spelling peça, from Vulgar Latin *pettia, of Gaulish origin, from proto-Celtic *kʷezdi-,[109][110][111] cognate of Old Irish cuit 'piece', Welsh peth 'thing', Italian pezza, French pièce, Spanish pieza.
- Derivatives: empezar 'to begin'.
- rego [m], rega [f] 'furrow, ditch', from proto-Celtic *ɸrica,[112][113][114] cognate of Welsh rhych, French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka.
- Derivatives: derregar 'to mark out a field', regato 'stream, gully, glen'.
- rodaballo[2] [m] 'turbot', alternative spelling rodavalho, from a Celtic composite form *roto-ball-y-o-,[115] meaning 'round-extremity'.
- tol and tola[116] [m / f] 'irrigation channel', to Proto-Celtic *tullo- 'pierced, perforated', [117] cognate of Irish toll 'hollow, cave, hole', Welsh twll 'pierced', Breton toull 'hole', Spanish tollo 'hole', Catalan toll 'pool in a river'.
- tona [f] 'skin, bark, scum of milk', from proto-Celtic *tondā,[118][119][120] cognate of Old Irish tonn, Welsh tonn.
- Derivatives: toneira 'pot for obtaining butter from the milk'.
- toxo [m], alternative spelling tojo, 'spiny rush (ulex europaeus)', from proto-Celtic *togi-,[121] akin to French tuie Gascon toja.
- Derivatives: fura-toxos 'marten'; toxa 'ulex gallii'; toxedo, toxa, toxeira 'place with toxos'.
- trosma[122] [m] 'slow, heavy, awkward, fool', from proto-Celtic *trudsmo- or *truksmo- 'heavy'.[123]
- trado, trade [m] 'auger', from proto-Celtic *taratro-,[124][125][126] cognate of Irish tarathar, Welsh taradr, Breton tarar, Occitan taraire, Catalan taradre, Spanish taladro.
- Derivatives: tradar 'to drill'.
- tranca [f], tranco [m] 'beam, pole', from proto-Celtic *taranka-,[127][128] cognate of Spanish tranca, akin to French taranche 'Iron nail', Provençal tarenco, Irish tarrag 'pin'.
- Derivatives: taranzón 'pillar inside the potter's oven' < *tarankyon-, tarangallo 'Wood nail, pin', trancar 'to bar a door'.
- trebo, trobo [m] 'beehive', from medieval trebano, proto-Celtic *trebno-,[129] cognate of Welsh trefn 'house'.
- trogo [m] 'sadness, anxiety, pity', from proto-Celtic *trowgo-,[130][131] akin to Old Irish trog, Welsh tru 'sad, wretched', Breton truez 'pity', tru 'miserable'.
- vasalo [m] 'vassal', alternative spelling vassalo, from Vulgar Latin vassalus, from proto-Celtic *wasto-,[132][133] cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Irish foss 'servant', Breton gwoz 'man, husband'.
- verea [f] 'main road', from proto-Celtic *uɸo-rēdo-,[134][135], cognate of Spanish vereda 'pathway', akin to Welsh gorwydd 'steed', Vulgar Latin veredus 'horse'.
Notes
- ^ cf. Koch, John T. (ed.) (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 790. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Mariño Paz, Ramón (1998). Historia da lingua galega (2. ed. ed.). Santiago de Compostela: Sotelo Blanco. pp. 30. ISBN 84-7824-333-X.
- ^ Prósper (2002) p. 90.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ cf. Meyer-Lübke 294.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. AREBOWION.
- ^ Moralejo (2007) p. 50.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *abon-
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1054
- ^ Donkin (1864), s.v. berro
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. BECLOS
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1013
- ^ Meyer-Lübke s. v. *betulus, *betullus
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. BORWOS
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1235
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1252
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. MRAKNOS
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Báscuas (2006) p. 134.
- ^ Cf. Coromines (1973) s.v. brezo.
- ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1284
- ^ Coromines (1973) s.v. brizna.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *bow-
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. KAGOS
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1480
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1540
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1542
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1552
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1550.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1541.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1721
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1830.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 1988
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Donkin (1864), s.v.
- ^ cf. Varela Sieiro, Xaime. Léxico Cotián na Alta Idade Media de Galicia: A arquitectura civil. Santiago, 2008. ISBN 978-84-9750-781-3. pp. 205-206.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Prósper (2002) p. 242.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 2386
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 2387
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 2387
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 2338
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 2340
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 448.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. GABIT
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *gab-yo-
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 3627
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. GORIT
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *gwer-o-
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *gulb-
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 3911
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 4884
- ^ Búa, Carlos (2007). Dieter Kremer. ed. Onomástica galega: con especial consideración da situación prerromana : actas do primeiro Coloquio de Trier 19 e 20 de maio de 2006. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. pp. 34. ISBN 978-84-9750-794-3.
- ^ Búa, Carlos (2007). Dieter Kremer. ed. Onomástica galega: con especial consideración da situación prerromana : actas do primeiro Coloquio de Trier 19 e 20 de maio de 2006. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. pp. 34. ISBN 978-84-9750-794-3.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. LĀGENĀ
- ^ Coromines (1973) s.v. legua.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ cf. Meyer-Lübke 4911.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Cf. Matasovic (2009), s.v. Lîwank-.
- ^ Moralejo Laso, Abelardo (1981). Anuario Brigantino: 36. http://anuariobrigantino.betanzos.net/Ab1981PDF/1981%20032_037.pdf.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. OLCĀ
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *folkā
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 6050
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. QEZDI
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 6450
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. frikā-.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. RIKS.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 7299.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. ROTIS
- ^ Bascuas (2006) p. 151
- ^ Matasovic (2009) s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. TONDOS
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 8987
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. TOGIT.
- ^ Martins Estêvez, Higinio (2008). As tribos calaicas: proto-história da Galiza à luz dos dados linguísticos. San Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona: Edições da Galiza. pp. 535–537. ISBN 978-84-936218-0-3.
- ^ Cf. Matasovich R. (2009) s.v. *trummo-.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 8570
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *tarankyo-
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 8585
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
- ^ Meyer-Lübke 9166
- ^ Ward A. (1996), s.v. WORÊDOS
- ^ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *ufo-rēdos
Literature
- Bascuas López, Edelmiro (2006). La Diosa Reve y los trasancos. Estudios Mindonienses (22): 801-842.
- Bascuas López, Edelmiro (2008). La hidronimia de Galicia. Tres estratos: paleoeuropeo, celta y latino. Estudios Mindonienses (24): 521-550.
- Carvalho Calero, Ricardo (1976). Gramática elemental del gallego común. Galaxia. ISBN 84-7154-037-1. Google Books (Spanish)
- Coromines, J. (1997). Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana. Gredos. ISBN 9788424935559.
- Donkin, T. C. (1864). An etymological dictionary of the Romance languages; chiefly from the Germ. of F. Diez. Williams and Norgate. Online at the Internet Archive.
- Mariño Paz, Ramon (1998). Historia da lingua galega. Sotelo Blanco. ISBN 84-7824-333-X.
- Matasovic, R. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9004173366.
- Meyer-Lübke, W. (1911). Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Carl Winter's U. Online at the Internet Archive.
- Moralejo, Juán J. (2007) Callaica Nomina. A Coruña: Fundación Barrié. 2007. ISBN 978-84-95892-68-3.
- Prósper, Blanca María (2002). Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. ISBN 978-84-7800-818-6.
- Ward, A. (1996). A Checklist of Proto-Celtic lexical Items. Online at Scribd.
Dictionaries