| Kowary | |||
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| Centre of town | |||
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Kowary
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| Coordinates: | |||
| Country | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian | ||
| County | Jelenia Góra | ||
| Gmina | Kowary (urban gmina) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 37.39 km2 (14.4 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2006) | |||
| • Total | 11,824 | ||
| • Density | 316.2/km2 (819/sq mi) | ||
| Website | http://www.kowary.pl | ||
Kowary [kɔˈvarɨ] (German: Schmiedeberg im Riesengebirge) is a town in Jelenia Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Jelenia Góra, and 93 kilometres (58 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
The official site of the town dates the history of Kowary dates to 1148 when Laurentius Angelus mined iron ore in the location on the behalf of Polish Duke Bolesław IV the Curly, ten years later on the orders of the Polish ruler a mining settlement was founded in the area[1], the official page of the town also states that the Kowary miners took part in Battle of Legnica in 1241. Other possible date of the start of the town is 1355[2][3][4][5] and connects it to Ostsiedlung.[6]. Publications published in German Empire disputed the origin of Kowary [7][8]and called it 'Schmedewerk'.[9] In 1355 year Duke Bolko II the Small, the grandson of the Polish king Władysław I the Elbow-high, the last independent Silesian Piast, granted mining privileges to the local miners.[10] Since 1401 the village belonged to the possessions of the Schaffgotsch family. As a mining center Schmiedeberg received several privileges and was seat of a Vogt since 1368. An accord with Hirschberg Jelenia Gora in 1454 elevated the settlement above the status of a village, it wasn't until 1513 however that Casper Schaffgotsch acquired the municipal law from Bohemias king Vladislas II against the opposition of Hirschberg. Mining flourished until the Thirty Years' War, when the town was destroyed in 1633. The town's webpage states that the main export partner was Poland, with record trade in 1558[11], it was also famous for its gunsmiths, with Polish King Sigismund II Augustus ordering 2000 gun barrels(later German publications claimed it was only 200[12]).
After the war veil weaving became more and more important for the town, whereas mining diminished. In the early 18th century the town became one of the biggest veil trading places in Silesia with trade relations to Bohemia, Italy, Spain, Russia and North America. When Prussia annexed Silesia in 1742 an economic decline followed. Aid by the Prussian king, the settling of Saxon damask weavers, couldn't stop the downturn. Only the Industrialisation, beginning around 1850, led to a recovery of the local economy. In 1882 the town received a rail connection to Hirschberg, which further strengthened the economy.
Schmiedeberg, belonging to the duchy of Schweidnitz-Jauer (Swidnica-Jawor), remained in possession of the Schaffgotsch family until 1634. In the 16th century the population adopted the Protestant faith. When Hans Ulrich of Schaffgotsch was arrested as a follower of Wallenstein the town came under Imperial custody. In 1639 the emperor sold the town to Bohemian count Hermann of Czernin, which kept Schmiedeberg until Prussian takeover of Silesia. Frederick II. immediately sold the possessions to the town, which thereby became sovereign.
After the Peace of Westphalia the town experienced Counter-Reformation. The Protestant could now practice their faith only at the church of peace in Jawor (Jawor) and later in Hirschberg and Landeshut Kamienna Góra. After Prussia annexed Silesia the Protestants received their own church (Bethaus).
During World War II Poles were used as slave labour by Nazi Germany in local mines[13]. There was also a labour camp for Jewish prisoners established in 1943[14]
After World War II Silesia became part of Poland and the German population fled or was expelled westwards, the town was resettled by the Poles and renamed to Kowary. As of 2006, the town had a population of 11,824.
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