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Operas
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Koanga is an opera with music by Frederick Delius, his third opera, written between 1896 and 1897, and a libretto by Charles F. Keary, inspired partly by The Grandissimes of George Washington Cable. Inspiration also came from Delius' own experiences as a young man when his family sent him to work in Florida. Delius himself thought well of the opera compared to its predecessors, Irmelin and The Magic Fountain, because of the incorporation of dance scenes and his treatment of the choruses.[1]
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The first performance of the opera was at Elberfeld on 30 March 1904, and was the first of Delius's operas to be performed. It was also the most labor-intensive with regard to the libretto, which was continually being revised. The opera was posthumously published in 1935.
Sir Thomas Beecham directed a revival of Koanga on 23 September 1935 at Covent Garden. A later revival was in 1972 for the Camden Festival at Sadler's Wells, London, conducted by Sir Charles Groves. Douglas Craig and Andrew Page had worked extensively on revisions to a performing edition, which was used for the first complete commercial recording conducted by Groves. Robert Threlfall has examined revisions to the text of Koanga in its various editions.[2] More recent revisions to the libretto have been by Olwen Wymark.
The single most famous musical passage from the opera contains the melody known as La Calinda, which is the only part of the score that has remained famous in the concert hall. Eric Fenby, Delius's amanuensis, has spoken of the opera as follows:
"Koanga is one of those singular works that attract attention in Delius's development but which stand apart from the rest of his music. Usually, once a work was written, Delius's interest in it would wane. It would then be renewed and be relived temporarily every time he heard it again. For Koanga, however, he showed concern as though it held some secret bond that bound him to his youth in Florida. It was the one work he deplored in old age he was never likely to hear again. And so it proved. A dark grandeur pervades the score which, whilst yielding to hankerings after Wagner, recalls the tragic gusto of Verdi. The elements of time, place and plot allowed him a range of textures and moods wider than in his other operas."
The first US staging of Koanga, or of any Delius opera, was by the Opera Society of Washington in late 1970 and early 1971.[3] [4] London's Pegasus Opera Company staged Koanga in April 2007 at Sadler's Wells Theatre.[5] [6]
William Randel has studied the relationship of the opera and its libretto to the original story of Cable.[7]
The opera is in three acts, with a prologue and an epilogue. The setting is a Mississippi River plantation in Louisiana, during the second half of the 18th century.
In the Prologue, Uncle Joe is about to tell the tale of Koanga and Palmyra, at the request of the planters’ daughters.
When the story proper unfolds in Act I, it is years earlier. Palmyra, the maid to Clotilda (the wife of the plantation owner Don José Martinez), watches Simon Perez, the plantation overseer, rouse up the slaves for their labours. Perez declares his love for Palmyra, but she brushes aside such sentiments. Martinez arrives, and Perez tells him of the arrival of a new slave. The new slave is Koanga, a captured African prince. Koanga invokes his gods to avenge his betrayal. Perez states that Koanga would rather die than be a slave, but Martinez suggests that Palmyra can be used to change his sentiments. Koanga and Palmyra are introduced, and become attracted to each other. Perez becomes angry at this turn of events. Clotilda is appalled at this herself, as Palmyra is her half-sister.
Act II begins with preparations for the wedding of Koanga and Palmyra. Clotilda consults with Perez as to how to stop this wedding. Perez tells Palmyra the truth about her birth, but she remains determined to marry Koanga. Just as the wedding ceremony is about to occur, Perez kidnaps Palmyra. Koanga then fights with Martinez and prevails in the man-to-man struggle. Koanga escapes to the swamp and invokes magic to bring disease contagion to the plantation. However, he has a vision of Palmyra’s suffering, which causes him to return to the plantation. When he arrives, Perez is trying to embrace Palmyra. Koanga kills Perez, but is in turn captured and executed. Palmyra mourns for Koanga, and then takes her own life.
In the Epilogue, the planter's daughters respond to Uncle Joe’s story, as the sun rises.