| Kinaray-a | |
|---|---|
| Karay-a/Kinaray-a/Hiray-a/Hinaray-a | |
| Spoken in | Philippines |
| Region | Iloilo and Antique provinces, western Panay |
| Native speakers | 378,000 (1994) |
| Language family | |
| Writing system | Latin (Filipino alphabet) |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | Regional language in the Philippines |
| Regulated by | Commission on the Filipino Language |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | krj |
Kinaray-a is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Antique Province in the Philippines. It is also spoken in Iloilo province, the south of Capiz Province, and certain villages in Mindanao that trace their roots to Antique Province or Kinaray-a speaking areas of Iloilo and Capiz Provinces. Kinaray-a came from the word "iraya" equivalent to "ilaya" in Tagalog, which refers to a group of people residing in the mountain areas of the province. While groups of people residing near the river delta are referred to as "ilawod" from the Hiligaynon word "lawod", which refers to a large body of water (sea, ocean, lake, or strait). However, Kinaray-a does not necessarily refer to the way or language spoken by the highlanders of Panay Island. Speakers of this language are called, "Karay-a."
Kinaray-a is also spoken in most parts of Iloilo and southern Capiz together with Hiligaynon. Most towns of these areas speak Kinaray-a while Hiligaynon is mostly spoken in Iloilo City itself. Due to regional proximity, media and television stations, Kinaray-a speakers can understand Hiligaynon speakers. However, only Hiligaynon speakers who reside in Kinaray-a speaking areas can understand the language. Those who come from other areas, like Negros, have difficulty in understanding the language, if they can at all.
It is a misconception among some Hiligaynon speakers that Kinaray-a is a dialect of Hiligaynon; the reality is that the two belong to two different, but related, language subgroups. However, some of the Kinaray-a speakers have also Hiligaynon as their second language, that's why Cebuanos assumed that Kinaray-a words are Hiligaynon ones. In some extent, there's a intermediate dialect of Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a being spoken in Mindanao.
It belongs to the Visayan language family.
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There has not been any actual study on the dialects of Kinaray-a. Speakers both of Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon would however admit to hearing the differences in the ways by which Kinaray-a speakers from different towns speak. Differences in vocabulary can also observed between and among the dialects.
The differences and the degrees by which the dialects differ from each other depend largely on the area's proximity to another different language-speaking area. Thus, in Antique, there are, on the northern parts, varieties that are similar to Aklanon, the language of Aklan, its neighbor on the north. On the south, in Iloilo towns on the other hand, the dialects closely resemble that of the standard Kinaray-a spoken in San Jose de Buenavista, lowland Sibalom and Hamtic.
Some dialects differ only on consonant preference like y vs h. e.g. bayi/bahi (girl) or l vs r e.g. wala/wara. Some have distinct differences like sayəd/kadə (ugly) and rangga/gəba (defective).
A
E (uncommon - mostly "I" below)
I
O (uncommon - mostly "U" below)
U
Ə
The vowels E and O are used mostly in non-Kinaray-a words. The "E" and "O" sounds from the same words in other (mostly non-Visayan) Filipino languages are often pronounced as "I" and "U" respectively. "U" is sometimes interchanged with "Ə" (like the Kinaray-a word for river - some say "suBA", others say "səBA".
For example:
| English | Tagalog | Kinaray-a | Hiligaynon |
| Head | Ulo | Ulu | Ulu |
| Ball | BOla | BUla | BUla |
| Animal | HAyop | SApat, HAyƏp | SApat |
| Words | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ayam/ido | dog |
| bayi/bahi | girl |
| bosong | abdomen |
| kutî | cat |
| damog | fodder |
| kingki | kerosene lamp |
| yawâ | demon |
| makul | mushroom |
| simagul | slipper |
| kahig | foot |
| Absolutive₁ (emphatic) |
Absolutive₂ (non-emphatic) |
Ergative₁ (postposed) |
Ergative₂ (preposed) |
Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | ako | takən | nakən, ko | akən | kanakən |
| 2nd person singular | ikaw, kaw | timo | nimo, mo | imo | kanimo |
| 3rd person singular | - | tana | nana, na | ana | kanana, kana |
| 1st person plural inclusive | kita | tatən | natən, ta | atən | kanatən |
| 1st person plural exclusive | kami | tamən | namən | amən | kanamən |
| 2nd person plural | kamo | tinyo | ninyo, nyo | inyo | kaninyo |
| 3rd person plural | sanda | tanda | nanda | anda | kananda |
| 1 | isara/sara |
| 2 | darwa |
| 3 | tatlo |
| 4 | apat |
| 5 | lima |
| 6 | anəm |
| 7 | pito |
| 8 | walo |
| 9 | siyam |
| 10 | pulû |
| 11 | napulû kag sara/ unsi |
| 50 | kalim-an/singkwenta |
| 100 | sangkagatos/sanggatos |
| 1,000 | sangkalibo/sanglibo |
| 100,000 | sangkagatos ka libo |
| 500,000 | lima ka gatos ka libo |
| 1,000,000 | sangkamilyon |
Saying "Diin kaw maagto?" (Literally, Where are you going?) is common way to greet people. You don't need to answer the question directly. The usual answer is an action like "Maninda." (Literally, To buy something on the market.) instead of "Sa tinda." (Literally, To the market.)
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