Palemonids

The Palemonids were a legendary dynasty of Grand Dukes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia. The legend was born in the 15th or 16th century as proof that Lithuanians and the Grand Duchy are of Roman origins. Already Jan Długosz (1415–1480) wrote that Lithuanians are of Roman origin, but did not provide more details. The legend is first recorded in the second redaction of the Lithuanian Chronicle produced in the 1530s.[1] At the time Grand Duchy or Lithuania was quarrelling with Kingdom of Poland rejecting the claims that Poland "nobilizied" pagan and barbaric Lithuania. Lithuanian nobility needed to show the noble origins of the ruling dynasty, as the only available chronicles at the time were written by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy, and depicted Gediminas as a hostler of Vytenis.[2]

In the chronicle, Palemon (Could be Polemon II of Pontus, which was relative to Nero), a relative of Roman Emperor Nero, escaped Rome with 500 noble families. They traveled north, through the Baltic Sea, and reached Nemunas Delta. Then they decided to sail upstream until they reached the mouth of Dubysa. There Palemonids settled on a large hill and ruled the country for generations until the Gediminids emerged.[1] The chronicle skipped Mindaugas and Traidenis, attested Grand Dukes of Lithuania, entirely.[2] It incorporated the first redaction for the account of the Gediminids line. To make the story more believable, the chronicle presented a very detailed account of the travel. Because there were not enough generations to cover the gap between the 1st century when Palemon arrived and the 14th century when Gediminas died, the third redaction of the chronicle, also known as the Bychowiec Chronicle, moved up Palemon from the 1st century Rome to the 5th century, when Rome was devastated by Attila the Hun,[1] and incorporated Mindaugas and later known dukes. But it was not enough and historians like Maciej Stryjkowski and Kazimierz Kojałowicz-Wijuk moved it further to the 10th century.[3] Multiple contradictory versions of the legend survive to this day as historians tried to patch up some obvious mistakes and make it more historically sound.

At the end of the 19th century, there were some attempts, for example in a history written by Maironis, to tie the legend with the expansion of vikings.[1] While many historians, up to the dawn of the 20th century, believed the legend to be true, it is now largely discarded as a fictional story that only serves to illustrate political ideology in the 16th century Lithuania.[4]

Genealogical tree

                                     
Palemon
From Column family
   
   
Borkus
Duke of Samogitia
Founder of Jurbarkas
Kunos
Duke of Aukštaitija
Founder of Kaunas
Spera
Duke of Eastern Lithuania
Name: Lake Spėra
   
   
Daumantas
Duke of Deltuva
From Centaurus family
Kernius
Duke of Lithuania
Founder of Kernavė
Gimbutas
Duke of Samogitia
     
    Montvilas
Duke of Samogitia
       
         
Kiras
Duke of Deltuva
Pajauta
Name: valley in Kernavė
Nemunas
Name: Neman River
Erdvilas
Duke of Navahradak
Skirmantas Vykintas
Duke of Samogitia
       
  Mingaila
Duke of Navahradak and Polatsk
Živinbudas
Duke of Samogitia
     
     
Kukovaitis
Duke of Lithuania
Skirmantas
Duke of Navahradak, Pinsk, Turaŭ, etc.
Ginvilas
Duke of Polatsk
Kukovaitis
Duke of Samogitia
   
       
  Traidenis
Grand Duke of Navahradak
Liubartas
Grand Duke of Karachev
Pisimantas
Duke of Turaŭ
Rogvolodas
Duke of Polatsk
   
     
  Algimantas
Duke of Navahradak
Gleb
Duke of Polatsk
Paraskeva
 
Utenis
Duke of Lithuania and Samogitia
Founder of Utena
Ryngold
Duke of Navahradak
 
  Vaišvilkas
Duke of Navahradak
 
Šventaragis
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Name: valley in Vilnius
 
Skirmantas
Grand Duke of Lithuania
 
 
Trabus
Duke of Samogitia
Koliginas
Duke of Lithuania and Rus'
 
Romanas
Grand Duke of Lithuania
 
       
Narimantas
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Daumantas
Killed Traidenis
Olshan
Ancestor of Olshanski
Giedrius
Ancestor of Giedraičiai
Traidenis
Grand Duke of Lithuania
 
Rimantas
Grand Duke of Lithuania
 
Source: (Lithuanian) Jučas, Mečislovas (2003). Lietuvos metraščiai ir kronikos. Vilnius: Aidai. p. 53. ISBN 9955-445-40-8.  The table was prepared according to the second redaction of the Lithuanian Chronicles, so-called transcription of Archeological Society. Other redactions, transcriptions, chronicles, and later historians presented significantly different genealogical trees.

Note: Darker shaded cells represent dukes who share their names with real historical figures. Dukes with the title Grand Duke of Lithuania ruled the unified country: i.e. they ruled Lithuania, Samogitia, and Rus'.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d (Lithuanian) Ivinskis, Zenonas (1953–1966). "Palemonas". Lietuvių enciklopedija. 21. Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. pp. 400–401. LCC 55020366. 
  2. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Ivinskis, Zenonas (1953–1966). "Metraščiai". Lietuvių enciklopedija. 18. Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. pp. 307–310. LCC 55020366. 
  3. ^ (Lithuanian) Jonynas, Ignas (1936). "Borkus". In Vaclovas Biržiška. Lietuviškoji enciklopedija. 4. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. pp. 251–255. 
  4. ^ Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780521450119.