| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| Poly(4-vinylbenzenesulfonate metal salt) | |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682108 |
| Pregnancy cat. | ? |
| Legal status | ? |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 28210-41-5 |
| ATC code | V03AE01 |
| PubChem | CID 75905 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | ? |
| (what is this?) (verify) |
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Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (INN, trade names Kayexalate, Kionex, Resonium A) is a type of polymer and ionomer based on polystyrene. It is the sodium salt of polystyrene sulfonic acid.
Contents |
The polyanion is readily soluble in water, and insoluble in lower alcohols. The solid appears as white or off-white powder.
It may be prepared by polymerization or copolymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate or by sulfonation of polystyrene. The harsh conditions used in this procedure lead to the occurrence of a number of side reactions. Double substitutions of the phenyl rings are known to occur, even with conversions well below 100%. Crosslinking reactions are also found, where condensation of two sulfonic acid groups yield a sulfonyl crosslink. On the other hand, the use of milder conditions such as acetyl sulfate leads to incomplete sulfonation. Recently, the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of protected styrenesulfonates has been reported,[1][2] leading to well defined linear polymers, as well as more complicated molecular architectures.[3]
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is used as a superplastifier in cement, as a dye improving agent for cotton and as proton exchange membranes in fuel cell applications. Crosslinked polystyrenes that are then sulfonated have found widespread use in ion-exchange applications.
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) administered orally or rectally has been used to remove dangerously high levels of potassium in the blood, since hyperkalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias and death. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is effective at reducing serum potassium levels[4], although there is concern about possible side effects when it is mixed with sorbitol.[5]
Intestinal disturbances are common, including loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. In rare cases it has been associated with colonic necrosis.[6]
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