| Karkaraly Каркаралы |
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| Kunabaev mosque | |||
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Karkaraly
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| Coordinates: | |||
| Country | Kazakhstan | ||
| Province | Karagandy Province | ||
| Founded | 1868 | ||
| Population | 10,300 | ||
| Postal code | 100800 | ||
| Area code(s) | +8 (72146) | ||
| Website | http://karkaraly.kz/ | ||
Karkaraly (Kazakh: Қарқаралы) (Russian: Каркаралинск) is the oldest city in the Karaganda Oblast (Karagandy Province). Karkaraly is also known as Karkaralinsk. Its history began as a small steppe village. Caravans from Central Asia would travel through Karkaraly on their way to Siberia. The name Karkaraly is derived from the word "karkara"- a precious decorative Kazakh headpiece. According to a legend, long ago a beautiful girl dropped her Karkara in the area that is now Karkaraly. Her search was in vain and the karkara remained on the steppe. The legend states that though the beautiful karkara was lost, the beauty of the land will remain forever. According to another legend, this is the site where the great Ablai Khan was proclaimed khan.
Karkaraly is the regional center for the Karkaraly district. By demography and economy, the Karkaraly district is one of the largest in the Karaganda Province. The district has an area of 35 million hectares and a population of 42,500 people. 75% of that population live outside the city limits of Karkaraly. 16 ethnic groups are represented within the Karkaraly district. Of these, the largest ethnic group is Kazakh (96.2%), followed by Russian (2.23%), and Ukrainian (0.49%).
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A fortress was built here in 1824. Three years later the Cossacks took it over. In 1869 Karkaraly was given the status of a city. In the 19th century, the city was an important trade center. The famous Koyandy fair helped in the development of trade, economic relationships, and culture. During this time, Karkaraly was the regional capital of the Semipalatinsk Province. Gradually, Karkaraly became a large public and political center where politicians, people in literature and art, educators, scientists and travelers came.
Among those that visited were:
The history of Karkaraly is connected with the great Kazakh educator, poet, and composer Abai Kunanbaev. His father was the senior sultan of the Karkaraly region and created a name for himself by erecting the town’s mosque (known as Kunanbaev Mosque) and from his other acts of charity. In his historical novel-epic, author Muhtar Auezov wrote that by virtue of “building the mosque, Kunanbai has gained respect and glory.” The house in which Abai used to live in has been preserved and is now the city's music school.
In the Paleozoic Age (250-300 million years ago), this area of Kazakhstan was an inland sea. The water retreated 1.2 to 2 million years ago, when the ancient Paleozoic shield was cracked by granite. The area lifted and created the Kent and Karkaraly Mountains. The rocks and cliffs have been here ever since and for many thousands of years the untamable steppe wind and precipitation has sculpted the rocks into unique shapes.
People have lived in the Karkaraly area since ancient times. The earliest archeological finds connected with ancient people dates back to the Paleolithic (or Stone) Age. Artifacts such as knives, scrapers, and spear heads have been found within what is now Karkaraly National Park. Archeological sites from the Bronze Age have been investigated more. Artifacts and cemeteries from the Andronovo culture (18-14 centuries BC) have been discovered. In one case, a cemetery was found with two tombs inside a stone fence. Stone coffins were found at a depth of one meter. In the tomb were also pots, items made of bronze, an axe, arrowheads, knives, female adornments, and items made of gold, bone and stone.
The Akimek Settlement in the Kent Mountains has been one of most investigated sites in the area. It also belonged to the Andronovo people. They raised cattle and established settlements along bodies of waters. Settlements were small and usually consisted of houses erected of stone and wood. They focused mainly on raising cows, instead of sheep and horses. They had wheeled transport, including chariots. The remains of a fighting chariot have been found in the tomb of an Andronovo solder, excavated in the Karkaraly area. The people were also engaged in hoe-mattock agriculture. The metallurgy of the bronze age was highly advanced. Andronovo people were of European descent and are the most ancient genetic ancestors of the Kazakh people. DNA tests have revealed that 60 % of the tested remains had light hair and blue or green eyes.
During the late Bronze age (13-9 centuries BC to our current era), successors of the Andronovo people created the Begazy-dandybai culture. In the Kent Mountains, 12 settlements and 10 cemeteries have been uncovered. The ancient city of Kent was also uncovered. Kent is the biggest settlement from the Bronze Age known in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The settlement was 30 hectares large and was home to 1,000 people. The town was divided into streets and quarters, including a quarter for metallurgists in which copper and bronze artifacts have been found. Most likely the inhabitants of Kent were skilled metallurgists. Huge furnaces have been found for the purpose of creating bronze. Excavations of Kent have amazed archeologist with an abundance of bronze products and unusual artifacts. Researchers now guess the area was inhabited for 200–300 years. Kent is believed to have been an important political and economical regional center (ceramics found in Kent prove that the settlement had numerous commercial and political contacts with western Siberia, Central Asia, Xinjiang and Iran.[1] It is also believed that the inhabitants of Kent did not have a system of writing. The ancient city of Kent is currently located in Karkaraly National Park.
Archeological sites from the early Iron age (8-7 centuries BC to 1 century AD) have also been found throughout the territory of the national park, but these sites have been investigated far less.
Another famous archeological site, from more recent times, is the mid-17th century Dzungar monastery, in the Kent Mountains. The name of the monument is “Kyzyl Kensh Palace", which means "red ore" or "red city". According to scientists, the monastery was inhabited for as much as 50 years. In the 19th century an ethnographic expedition from Tsarist Russia was conducted in the Kent Mountains. During this time period, part of the complex was still standing. One two-story building was almost untouched and one could see red paint on some of the inner walls. The ceiling was propped up by six wooden columns, carved and covered with gold paint. Unfortunately, after this period, the palace was destroyed for logs and stone. The ruins are now inside Karkaraly National Park and some efforts have been made to restore the palace.
The main contributing areas to the economy are farming, ranching, mining and ecotourism.
The following ore deposits have all been found and mined in the area: barite, iron, copper, gold, molybdenum, and tungsten. In the Karkaraly mountains, nearly 100 minerals can be found, including: smoky topaz, crystal, chalcopyrite, azurite, chalcedony, and malachite. Significant reserves of building materials are also in the area: granite, marble, limestone, gypsum, gravel, pebbles and sand. Also along numerous lakes are large deposits of mud which are used medicinally in spas to quickly achieve positive sanogenetic effects in the treatment of degenerative joint (rheumatoid and artroidnyh) disease and sciatica.
However, the leading role in economic development belongs to Karkaraly National Park. The park is a geographic point of interest and a scientific and educational center. In recent years the park administration has worked on improving the tourism infrastructure and has encouraged business ventures in the area of tourism. Today there are 16 places of accommodation in and around the national park. Karkaraly National Park offers interesting landscapes, archaeological sites, rich biodiversity, and clean mountain air.
The natural scenery, natural resources, and vast areas of farm and grasslands offer a good base for future economic development.
The town of Karkaraly is nestled against the Karkaraly Mountains. These forests and mountains have been protected, through various government agencies since 1884. In relatively recent history, this area has historically been a place where coal and metal miners from Karaganda would come to rest. In 1998, the Karkaraly National Park was formed. The park encompasses 112,120 ha of mountains, forest, and steppe. The park is separated into 4 geographic areas and covers the Karkaraly and Kent Mountains.
The Karkaraly National Park has over 150 species of birds, 46 species of mammals, 6 reptile and 2 amphibian species. Two mammals and eleven bird species are listed in Kazakhstan's Red Book of protected species. Among these are the argali, the worlds largest wild sheep, and the golden eagle.
The Karkaraly and Kent Mountains are well known for their unique rock formations and "hidden" mountain lakes. Hiking, cross-country skiing, downhill skiing, photo safari and cultural guides by the national park, and swimming in the mountains lakes are all popular activities for tourists.
Spring in Karkaraly begins in mid-March and lasts until the end of May. During this short period the air temperature rises to an average of 15 C. Snow cover in open areas begins to melt quickly, but in shady canyons the snow may last until the end of May. When snow melts there are numerous streams and small waterfalls, as well as dry riverbeds that fill with melt water. The surrounding nature also begins to wake up: the birds and animals arrive. The primrose, tulips, and other flowers begin to arrive. In May, the trees are covered with young leaves and the forest is filled with even more birds. Within the spring months, may is the most enjoyable
In Karkaraly, summer begins in early June. The overall average air temperature for the summer months is 18 C, and in the daytime the air warms up to an average of 25 С (on hot days to 37 C). The hottest month of the year is July. Rainfall in the summer usually comes in the form of showers and thunderstorms. The beginning of summer is characterized by the abundant flowering of plants. In the middle of summer, berries begin to ripen (strawberries, stone berry, raspberry, strawberry, currant), and edible mushrooms are abundant. The summer months are considered the most comfortable time of the year to visit Karkaraly.
Autumn is the most vivid and colorful season in the national park. It starts in mid-September and lasts until mid-November. The weather is particularly good in September, as a temperatures begin to drop. In October, there is a possibility of a freeze and there is an increase the number of cloudy days, with possible rain. In the first half of October the average daily temperature falls below 10 C.
By the end of October all the migratory birds fly south. The forests in the park are saturated with colors. Many mushrooms can be found during this time of year. In late autumn, most wild animals are changing the colors of their coats and preparing for winter. In the autumn months, the most comfortable months are September and early October.
Winter in Karkaraly is cold and snowy. Negative temperatures are recorded from November to March and sustained cold weather lasts an average of 135 days. During this period, the daytime temperature does not usually rise above 0 C and nights are usually very cold. In January–February, the temperature drops to an average of – 20 to -30 C. In abnormally cold years, the temperature can drop to - 49 C. The snow cover reaches heights of 50-60 cm, and in drifts up to 1 meter or more. During the winter, locals and tourists enjoy cross-country skiing on the roads and in the forests.
He was born in 1665 in the Karkaraly area. Kazybek bi mediated a truce between two fighting Khans. He fought for the consolidation of the Kazakh Khans and developed the Code of the Khan (The Seven Truths). Kazbek bi was a master with words and the people nicknamed him "the voice". He is known for his many sayings and aphorisms.
Madi is a prominent figure in the history of Karkaraly. He was a Kazakh folk composer and singer. His world-view and creativity were influenced by Abai Kunanbaev and others. He was familiar with the famous Kazakh musicians Birzhan Sal, Baluan Sholak, and Zhayau Musa. Madi, in his works, called for people to expose injustice and promoted equality. Because of this he was persecuted by the tsarist authorities. He was a member of the national liberation uprising in 1916, helped in the establishment of the Soviet power in Karkaraly, and was a member of the Karkaraly Soviets. Some of his widely known songs are titled: "Karakesek", "Ushkara", and "Madi". These songs were sung in Kazakh operas "Er Targyn" and "Kiz Zhibek". A street in Karkaraly has been named after Madi and a statue has been erected in his honor.
He was born in a small village outside of Karkaraly. Alikhan is a descendant of Bukeikhan, son of the great Kokzhala Barak Khan. Bukeikhan was one of the last of the Kazakh khans who occupied the Khan's throne. In 1877 Bukeikhan sent Alihan to the madrassa of Mullah Zafira in Karkaraly (Kunanbaya Mosque), which was opened in 1851 by the father of the great Kazakh poet Abai Kunabaev. After successfully completing his studies in madrasas in 1879, Alikhan attended the city school and then attended the city vocational school for four years.
In school he studied Kazakh grammar, Kazakh literature, and Russian. He especially liked the poems of Abai Kunabaev. In the Karkaraly library he was introduced to Russian world literature. After finishing school in Karkaraly in 1886, Alikhan continued his education in the city of Omsk, which was one of the cultural and administrative centers of the Steppe Region. Alikhan Bukeikhanov is among the most prominent political and public figures in Kazakh history. For his entire life he was devoted to the liberation of his people from social oppression.
He was born January 28, 1873 in a village in the Kostanai region of Kazakhstan to a in simple peasant family. He studied in man mullahs and schools throughout Kazakhstan before moving to Karkaraly. Years of residence in Karkaraly acquainted him with modern thinking politicians such as Alihan Bukeyhanov and others. These interactions convinced him that the country needs competent, educated people, more schools, and more books. He became the author and compiler of the primer of the Kazakh alphabet.
The 1905 Russian Revolution aroused hope for change within Ahmet. He actively took part in the popular unrest, often spoke at demonstrations, and organized a group of Kazakh intelegentia.
Between 1913 - 1917 he was editor of the newspaper "Kazakh", the only one in the Kazakh language manufactured in Orenburg. Ahmet was a versatile man, was known to be a wonderful singer, musician, even a contested in wrestling matches.
Zhakyr Akbaev was born November 7, 1876 in a village outside of Karkaraly. His father was a fairly educated man for his time. In 1886, he was sent to school in Karkaraly and later to Omsk and Tomsk, Russia. After graduating from high school, he enrolled in St. Petersburg University and graduated in 1903 with honors. Akbaeva worked tirelessly for the people and helped expose illegal arrests and government harassment. He fought to create a basis of rule of law and equal rights.
Nurken Abdirov was a sergeant in the 808th Attack Regiment, 267th Air Division for the Soviet Union. He was born in a small village outside of Karkaraly in 1919 to a peasant family. In his childhood years he moved to Karaganda and eventually graduated from aviator school.
When World War II began, Nurken Abdirov was a student in Orenburg, Russian. He was accelerated through the learning program for military attack pilots and spent training time in Tashkent and Siberia. After graduation, he was immediately sent to the front lines in the 808th Attack Regiment, 267th Air Division. In 17 battles he destroyed 18 enemy tanks, 46 trucks and carts, 3 fuel tankers, 5 anti-aircraft artillery, and a few bunkers. On December 19, 1942 Abdirov, along with a radio operator-gunner Sasha Komissarov, made his last flight. In a raid on a heavily fortified German line, Abdirov disabled 6 tanks, a few bunkers, 2 anti-aircraft artillery. But his plane was hit and caught on fire. Knowing escape was impossible, Abdirov and Komissarov drove their plane into a German tank column. By decree of the President of the USSR on March 31, 1943 Nurken Abdirova was awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).
Toktar Aubakirov was born in a village outside Karkaraly. He worked in the Temirtau foundry-mechanical plant before graduating from aviation school. He graduated from the Moscow School of Test Pilots in 1976 and the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1979. Between 1976 and 1992 he worked for the Test Pilot Experimental Design Bureau and flew more than 50 new types of jets. Aubakirov proved himself to be a highly qualified expert in aviation. He flew to the North Pole without landing, fueling his plane twice in the air. He was the first person to land a Mig 29 on an aircraft cruiser.
In 1990 he was admitted to a cosmonaut unit and on October 2, 1991 he was launched into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard the Soyuz TM-13. He returned to Earth on October 10, 1991. Aubakirov was the first Soviet citizen to go into space without actually being certified as a cosmonaut, because his flight was hurried forward due to the flight being a part of the Baikonur rental agreement between Kazakhstan and Russia. In this flight, Aubakirov, along with other experienced specialists and cosmonauts, conducted scientific research in biotechnology, medicine, and metallurgy, as well as conducted astrophysical monitoring and research of the atmosphere and surface within Kazakhstan.
He has held the positions of First Deputy to the Minister of Defense for the Republic of Kazakhstan (1992-1993), General Manager of the National Aerospace Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1993-1994), Minister of Science and New Technologies of Kazakhstan, member of the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan (1994-1995), Chairman of the Committee on Defense and Security, Advisor to the President of Kazakhstan (1996-present), and Deputy Secretary of the Council for Security Committee.