Kam | ||||
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Gaeml | ||||
Spoken in | China | |||
Region | Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi | |||
Native speakers | 1.46 million (2003) | |||
Language family | ||||
Language codes | ||||
ISO 639-3 | either: doc – Northern Dong kmc – Southern Dong |
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The Kam language, also known as Gam (autonym: lix Gaeml), or in Chinese, Dong or Tung-Chia, is the language of the Dong people. Ethnologue distinguishes two Kam dialects as separate but closely related languages with the codes doc and kmc.[1]
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Kam has 32 syllable-initial consonants; seven of them (tʃ-, tʃʰ-, ʃ-, ɻ-, f-, ts- and tsʰ-) only occur in recent loanwords from Chinese.
IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | b | t | d | tɕ | j | k | g | tʃ | zh |
pʰ | p | tʰ | t | tɕʰ | q | kʰ | k | tʃʰ | ch |
m | m | n | n | nʲ | ny | ŋ | ng | ʃ | sh |
w | w | l | l | ɕ | x | h | h | ɻ | r |
pʲ | bi | s | s | j | y | kʷ | gu | f | f |
pʲʰ | pi | lʲ | li | kʷʰ | ku | ts | z | ||
ŋʷ | ngu | tsʰ | c |
Kam has 64 syllable finals; 14 of them occur only in Chinese loans and are not listed in the table below.
IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml | IPA | Gaeml |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | ə | e | e | ee | i | i | o | o | u | u/uu | ||
aɪ | ai | əɪ | ei | oɪ | oi | uɪ | ui | ||||||
aʊ | ao | eʊ | eeu | iʊ | iu | oʊ | ou | ||||||
am | am | ɐm | aem | əm | em | em | eem | im | im | om | om | um | um |
an | an | ɐn | aen | ən | en | en | een | in | in | on | on | un | un |
aŋ | ang | ɐŋ | aeng | əŋ | eng | eŋ | eeng | iŋ | ing | oŋ | ong | uŋ | ung |
ap | ab | ɐp | ab | əp | eb | ep | eb | ip | ib | op | ob | up | ub |
at | ad | ɐt | ad | ət | ad | et | ed | it | id | ot | od | ||
ak | ag | ɐk | ag | ək | eg | ek | eg | ik | ig | ok | og | uk | ug |
The phonetic value of the vowel in the finals spelled -ab, -ad and -ag, is [ɐ] in syllables that have the tones -l, -p and -c (see table below); in syllables with tones -s, -t and -x, it is [a]. The phonetic value of the vowel in the finals spelled -eb, -ed and -eg, is [ə] in syllables that have the tones -l, -p and -c; in syllables with tones -s, -t and -x, it is [e].
Kam is a tonal language. Open syllables can occur in one of nine different tones, checked syllables in six tones (so-called entering tones), so that the traditional approach counts fifteen tones. As with the Hmong alphabet, the orthography marks tones with a consonant at the end of each syllable.
tone contour: | ˥ | ˧˥ | ˩ | ˧˨˧ | ˩˧ | ˧˩ | ˥˧ | ˦˥˧ | ˧ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
high | high rising | low | dipping | low rising | low falling | high falling | peaking | mid | |
/55/ | /35/ | /212/ | /323/ | /13/ | /31/ | /53/ | /453/ | /33/ | |
Orthography: | -l | -p | -c | -s | -t | -x | -v | -k | -h |
example (open syllable) |
bal | pap | bac | bas | qat | miax | bav | pak | bah |
"fish" | "grey" | "rake" | "aunt" | "light" | "knife" | "leaf" | "destroy" | "chaff" | |
example (checked syllable) |
bedl | sedp | medc | bads | pads | bagx | |||
"duck" | "seven" | "ant" | "can"? | "blood" | "white" |
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