| Jalandhar | |
| — city — | |
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| Coordinates | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District(s) | Jalandhar |
| Divisional Commissioner | S. R. Ladhar |
| Population • Density |
903,491near 2 million
(census of 2001 via archive.org</ref> (2010[update]) |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) |
| Area |
3,401 square kilometres (1,313 sq mi) • 228 metres (748 ft) |
Jalandhar (Punjabi: ਜਲੰਧਰ) is a city in Jalandhar District in the state of Punjab, India. It is located 144 km northwest of the state capital, Chandigarh. It was known as Prasthala at the time of the Mahabharta and as Jullundur in British times.
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Jalandhar is another name of Lord Shiva. Jalandhar and Multan are the oldest surviving cities of the Punjab region, with historical references as far back as A.D. 100.[1] The Jalandhar Doab (the region surrounding the city between the Beas and Sutlej rivers) also marked the easternmost territory of the empire of Alexander the Great. He erected giant altars in this area to mark the eastern most extent of his empire and also founded a city named Alexandria in the vicinity and left many Macedonian veterans there.
In the 7th century, when the famous Chinese traveller and pilgrim Hiuen Tsang visited India during the reign of Harsha Vardhana, the Kingdom of Jalandhara or Trigarta was under the rule of Raja Utito (whom Alexander Cunningham identifies with the Rajput Raja Attar Chand of the Katoch dynasty). The kingdom was said to have extended 167 miles (269 km) from east to west and 133 miles (214 km) from north to south, thus including the hill states of Chamba, Mandi and Suket (Himachal Pradesh) and Satadru or Sirhind in the plains. The city proper of Jalandhar was, when visited by Hiuen Tsiangg, a large city, miles in circuit, and functioned as the capital of a Rajput kingdom.[2] Raja Utito was a tributary of Harsh Vardhana. The Rajput Rajas appear to have continued to rule over the country right up to the 12th century, with occasional interruptions, but their capital was Jalandhar and Kangra formed an important stronghold.
According to the Chinese pilgrim Fa Hien, who traveled India between 399 and 411 C.E., there were a great many Viharas of Buddhism in India. In the Jalandhar Doab, there were as many as 50 Viharas of Buddhism. The Buddhist religion was adopted by a large number of people. As per some historians and scholars the fourth Buddhist Council out of total six Buddhist Councils took place in Jalandhar in the first century AD during the reign of King Kanishka. The fourth council of Mahayana Buddhism took place here, and placed Buddha as a God at the council.[3]
Jalandhar became the seat of Nath movement from 8th to 10th century AD, one of its greatest saint was Jalandhar Nath, whose samadhi later became the site of the existing shrine of Imam Nasir-ud-din Chishti in the fifteenth century.[4] From the later half of the tenth century up to AD 1019, the district was included in the Shahi Kingdom of the Punjab and Jalandhar was an important city in the region. In about 1188 it fell to the control of Ibrahim Shah of Ghor.[1] Under the Mughals Jalandhar was the capital of a sarkar.[2]
In 1758 Maharaja Ghamand Chand of the Katoch dynasty was made the (first ever Rajput) Nizam of Jalandhar by the Durranis. Many Rajputs lived in and around the surrounding areas of Jalandhar before the partition in 1947. With the partition of the country, many like the Manj and Rawal Rajputs went to settle in the Pakistan side of the Punjab, whilst some went to other countries.
Jalandhar was captured by the Sikhs in 1757 and captured by the Faizullahpuria confederacy in 1766. Ranjit Singh annexed it in 1811, and in 1846 Jalandhar became the headquarters of the territory acquired by the British after the first First Anglo-Sikh Wars.[2] During British rule Jalandhar became the headquarters, of the Division and District of the same name.During 1939 to 1945 C.M. Ormerod was the Deputy Commissioner of Jalandhar district. He was in charge of Land Revenue department and chairman of District Board to administer Roads, Hospitals, and schools in the four subdivision of Jalandhar district, namely Jalandhar, Nakodar, Philaur, and Nawanshahr. District Board was composed of committee members nominated by DC from each subdivision. The secretary of District Board was Sardar Narinder Singh from village Shankar and prominent members were Sardar Santa Singh Zaildar from Jalandhar subdivision and Sardar Gurbachan Singh Zaildar from village Garhpadhana subdivision Nawanshahr. The last commissioner of Jalandhar in 1949 was Mr Fletcher before an Indian national took over this position. In 1947 with the independence and partition of India the Muslim population left for Pakistan while Hindus and Sikhs arrived from the other direction.[5]
The population of Jalandhar City in the 21st century is rapidly growing. New colonies have been built, as well as new blocks and model towns. Many villages have been integrated into the growing Jalandhar City.
The city has a humid subtropical climate with cool winters and hot summers. Summers last from April to June and winters from November to February. Temperatures in the summer vary from average highs of around 48 °C (118 °F) to average lows of around 25 °C (77 °F). Winter temperatures vary from highs of 19 °C (66 °F) to lows of −5 °C (23 °F). The climate is dry on the whole, except during the brief southwest monsoon season during July and August. The average annual rainfall is about 70 cm.
Jalandhar has numerous hospitals, including Ruby Nelson Memorial Hospital of Seventh-Day-Adventis, Akal Eye Hospital, Mahajan Eye Hospital, Thind Eye Hospital, Patel Hospital, Tagore Hospital, Lajwanti Hospital, Oxford Hospital, Pruthi Hospital, Guru Nanak Mission Hospital, Ruby Hospital, and Ghai Hospital. Although each hospital has its own identity, Akal Eye Hospital, Mahajan Eye Hospital and Thind Eye Hospital are on the world map for their Lasik treatments. Jalandhar is also the world's biggest manufacturer of leather tool pouches and aprons; major American and European customers buy from factories in Jalandhar. It is the biggest supplier of sports material in the country. Jalandhar was a hub of the Gandhi government's green revolution of India in the early 1960s. Dr. Dilbag Singh Athwal, a renowned scientist in plant breeding, developed India's first high-yield wheat, Kalyan. The wheat he named after his native village Kalyanpur, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Jalandhar. Later, Dr. Athwal headed the International Rice Research Institute and the International Agricultural Development Service. Dr. Athwal took early retirement from his position as senior vice president Rockefeller Institute. The village Kalyanpur (now part of Jalandhar) has produced prominent scientists including Dr. Raghbir Singh, Dr. Rajbir Kaur, and Dr. Iqbal Singh Athwal. Jalandhar also has an electrical goods industry. Manufacturers like Hazel India, Standard Switchgears and Apex Electricals are located in Jalandhar. An international sports market is situated in Jalandhar. Major sports brands such as BAS Vampire, Bhaseen's Baspo, JJ Jonex, and Syndicate Sports come from this part of the world. Jalandhar is also known for thrust bearings and ball bearings; brands such as BKE, IBI and KKK belong to the city.
Upmarket localities include Master Mota Singh Nagar, Model Town, Jawahar Nagar & Udham Singh Nagar
The first language of most people in the city is Punjabi. Punjabi is the official language of the city of Jalandhar. Due to the welcoming and enterprising nature of Punjabis, people from different cultures are settling here, enriching the city with new languages such as Hindi, English, Rajasthani, Himachali, Marathi etc.
The city serves as the region's headquarters for newspapers, national television and radio stations.
Local radio stations include:
Jalandhar city has a big book market where a variety of books can be bought or sold. This market area is known as Mai Hiran Gate or Adda Tanda Road. Modern Book Depot, Subhash Book Depot and Gupta Book Depot are some of the oldest bookshops. Also there are many learning centres such as Institute of Banking Services (IBS).
Construction on Jalandhar Cantonment began in 1848. It is notable not only for its age, as it among the oldest cantonments in the country, but also for its proximity to Pakistan. It figured in the 1920 Connaught Rangers mutiny when Irish soldiers replaced the Union Flag with the Irish Republic's flag.[6]
Lallian Kalan, Sansarpur, Rama-mandi, Khiala Pind, Jamsher Khas, Talhan, Salempur Masanda, Parasrampur, Gillaan, Gakhal and Kukar Pind Patara, Sarai-khas, Wariana, Heerapur, Hailer, Rajowal, Sangalsohl,Sanghwal, Mand, Nagra, Nandanpur, Mirpur, Kotli, Gazipur, Fateh Jalaal, Soora, Nussi, Lambra, Rasoolpur, Talwandi Bharo, Hairan, Parjian, Malian, Uggi, Chitti, Khaira Majha, Pattar Kalan, Pattarkhurd, Nangal Manoor, Mudh, Sial, Sarhali, Lammapind, Shekha, Dhogri, Chuhrowali, Duhre, Kalabakra, Daroli Kalan, Diwali, Dhina, Salempur, Talwan, Jandiala, Sangha Khalsa, Bhagala, Dakoha, Dhannowali, Ladhewali, Littran, Shafipur, Chachoki, Jandusingha, Singhpura, Daduwal, Semi, Khajurla, Bidhipur/Gopalpur, Khusropur, Takharan, Khambra, Lambra,momainwali, Sagranwali, Rajpur, Tandi, Bohgpur, Bandala, Chehru. Village Lallian Kalan is the most known village for Shinz, an Indian type wrestling competition. Its NRI's are also participating in ongoing development throughout village.
The legend of Jalandhar :- http://www.ishwarnaman.org/kathagaatha%5Cjalandharandtulsi.html
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