| Judæo-Tat | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| çuhuri / жугьури / ז'אוּהאוּראִ | ||||
| Spoken in | Azerbaijan (Baku, Quba, Qırmızı Qəsəbə, Oğuz) Russia (Derbent, Makhachkala, Nalchik) Israel United States (New York) |
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| Region | Caucasus | |||
| Native speakers | 97,000 (1989–1998) | |||
| Language family |
Indo-European
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| Writing system | Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in | no official status | |||
| Regulated by | No official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | jdt | |||
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Juhuri, Juwuri or Judæo-Tat (çuhuri / жугьури / ז'אוּהאוּראִ) is a form of the Tat language and is the traditional language of the Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Azerbaijan and Dagestan, now mainly spoken in Israel.[1]
The language is related to Persian; it belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages. A similar, but still different language is spoken by the Muslim Tats of Azerbaijan, a group to which the Mountain Jews were mistakenly considered to belong during the era of Soviet historiography. The words Juhuri and Juhuro literally translate as "Jewish" and "Jews."
Juhuri has Semitic (Hebrew/Aramaic/Arabic) elements on all linguistic levels. Juhuri has the Hebrew sound "ayin" (ע) while no neighbouring languages have it.
Juhuri is an endangered language[2][3] classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[4]
Contents |
The language is presently spoken by an estimated 106,000 people:
| Front | Near-front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | ||||
| Close and Near-close | i | y | ɪ | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | o | |||
| Open | æ | a | |||
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives and affricates |
p | b | t | d | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | k | ɡ | ɢ | |||||||||||
| Nasals | m | n | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fricatives | f | v | s | z | ʃ | χ | ħ | h | ||||||||||||
| Approximants | l | j | ʕ | |||||||||||||||||
| Taps | ɾ | |||||||||||||||||||
In the early 20th century Juhuri used the Hebrew script. In the 1920s Latin script was adapted for it; later it was written in Cyrillic characters. Recently, the use of the Hebrew alphabet has enjoyed renewed popularity.
| Latin | Aa | Bb | Cc | Çç | Dd | Ee | Əə | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ḩḩ | Ħћ | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Şş | Tt | Uu | Vv | Xx | Yy | Zz | |
| Cyrillic | Аа | Бб | Чч | Жж | Дд | Ее | Ээ | Фф | Гг | Гьгь | ГӀгӀ | Хьхь | Ии | Йй | Кк | Лл | Мм | Нн | Оо | Пп | Гъгъ | Рр | Сс | Шш | Тт | Уу | Вв | Хх | Уьуь | Зз |
| Hebrew | אַ | בּ | 'ג'/צ | 'ז | ד | אי | א | פ | ג | ה | ע | ח | אִ | י | כּ | ל | מ | נ | אָ | פּ | ק | ר | ס | ש | ת | אוּ | ב | כ | או | ז |
Judæo-Tat/Juhuri is a Southwest Iranian language (as is modern Persian) and is much more closely related to modern Persian than most other Iranian languages of the Caucasus e.g. Talysh, Ossetian, and Kurdish. However, it also bears strong influence from other sources:
Medieval Persian: Postpositions are used predominantly in lieu of prepositions e.g. modern Persian: باز او => Juhuri: æ uræ-voz "with him/her".
Arabic: like in modern Persian, a significant portion of the vocabulary is Arabic in origin. Unlike modern Persian, Juhuri has almost universally retained the original pharyngeal/uvular phonemes of Arabic e.g. /ʕæsæl/ "honey" (Arab. عسل), /sæbæħ/ "morning" (Arab. صباح).
Hebrew: As other Jewish dialects, the language also has many Hebrew loan words e.g. /ʃulħon/ "table" (Heb. שלחן), /mozol/ "luck" (Heb. מזל), /ʕoʃiɾ/ "rich" (Heb. עשיר). Hebrew words are typically pronounced in the tradition of other Mizrahi Jews. Examples: ח and ע are pronounced pharyngeally (like Arabic ح, ع respectively); ק is pronounced as a voiced uvular plosive (like Persian ق/غ). Classical Hebrew /w/ (ו) and /aː/ (kamatz), however, are typically pronounced as /v/ and /o/ respectively (similar to the Persian/Ashkenazi traditions, but unlike the Iraqi tradition, which retains /w/ and /aː/)
Azeri: Vowel harmony and many loan words
Russian: Loan words adopted after the Russian Empire's annexation of Daghestan and Azerbaijan
Northeast Caucasian languages: e.g. /tʃuklæ/ "small" (probably the same origin as the medieval Caucasian city name "Sera-chuk" mentioned by Ibn Battuta, meaning "little Sera")
Other common phonology/morphology changes from classical Persian/Arabic/Hebrew:
Being a variety of the Tat language, Judæo-Tat itself can be divided into several dialects:
The dialects of Oğuz (formerly Vartashen) and the now extinct Jewish community of Mücü have not been studied well and thus cannot be classified.[6]
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