| Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood | |
|---|---|
| Born | September 24, 1946 Hawkinsville, Georgia |
| Occupation | Maritime consultant |
| Known for | Master of the Exxon Valdez during the Exxon Valdez oil spill |
Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood (born September 24, 1946) is an American sailor. He was the captain of the Exxon Valdez during its 1989 oil spill. He was accused of being drunk at the time of the accident, though at trial he was cleared of this charge. Hazelwood was convicted of a misdemeanor charge of negligent discharge of oil, fined $50,000, and sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service. In 1999, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 53rd largest spill in history.[1]
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Hazelwood was born in Hawkinsville, Georgia,[2] but was raised in Huntington, New York, on the north shore of Long Island. His father, Joseph, born c.1922, was a United States Marine Corps torpedo bomber pilot turned airline pilot.[3] His mother, Margaret, was born c.1920 in Georgia.[3][4] Hazelwood was their first born son. He was married in 1969 to Suzanne and has one daughter, Alison (born September 7, 1975).[2][3]
In 1964, Hazelwood graduated from Huntington High School, where his IQ was tested at 138.[3] As a youth he was an avid sailor and was a member of the Sea Scouts. In May 1968, he received a bachelor of science degree in marine transportation from the State University of New York Maritime College.[5]
Following college, on June 10, 1968 he was hired as a Third Mate by Humble Oil and Refining Company, which later became Exxon Shipping Company.[5] His first ship was the Esso Florence based in Wilmington, North Carolina.[2] Hazelwood climbed the ranks of the merchant marine until he obtained a master's license at age 31. By age 32, he was the youngest captain working for Exxon when he took command of Exxon Philadelphia, a California-to-Alaska oil tanker, in 1978. In 1985 he was master of the Exxon Chester when the asphalt carrier ran into a storm during its New York to South Carolina trip. High winds damaged the ship's mast including radar and radio communications antennas. Though the crew was prepared to abandon ship, Hazelwood rallied them and guided the ship to safety.[2] In 1987, he became the alternate master of Exxon Valdez which subsequently received Exxon Fleet safety awards for the year of 1987 and 1988.[6][7]
Hazelwood's driver's license had been suspended or revoked three times by the state of New York for alcohol violations since 1984. At the time of the Exxon Valdez incident, his New York state driving privileges were suspended as a result of a driving under the influence arrest on September 13, 1988.[8] He entered a rehabilitation program in 1985 at South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York. Following rehabilitation he received 90 days of leave to attend Alcoholics Anonymous, but it is not clear if he attended during that leave.[7]
Exxon Valdez departed the port of Valdez, Alaska at 9:12 p.m. March 23, 1989 with 53 million gallons of crude oil bound for California. A harbor pilot guided the ship through the Valdez Narrows before departing the ship and returning control to Hazelwood, the ship's master. The ship maneuvered out of the outbound traffic lane in the traffic separation scheme (TSS) to avoid icebergs. Following the maneuver and sometime after 11 p.m., Hazelwood departed the navigation bridge and was in his stateroom at the time of the accident. He left Third Mate Gregory Cousins in charge of the navigation bridge and Able Seaman Robert Kagan at the helm with instructions from the third mate to return to the southbound traffic lane in the TSS at a prearranged point. Exxon Valdez failed to return to the shipping lanes and struck Bligh Reef at around 12:04 a.m. March 24, 1989. The accident resulted in the discharge of around 11 million gallons of oil, 20% of the cargo, into Prince William Sound.[9]
During Hazelwood's trial following the accident, Alaska state prosecutors failed to convince the jury that Hazelwood was intoxicated at the time of the grounding. By his own admission, Hazelwood drank "two or three vodkas" between 4:30 and 6:30 that same night, his blood alcohol content was found to be .061. However, the defense argued that the blood samples were taken nearly ten hours after the incident and were mishandled. Most states, including Alaska, do not allow samples after three hours and a preservative required to halt fermentation was not added to the sample. Fermentation could have added to the amount of alcohol in the sample, making the result invalid. As a result of the accident, in 1991 the United States Coast Guard suspended his masters' license for a period of nine months. Hazelwood was acquitted on all felony charges, but was convicted of a misdemeanor charge of negligent discharge of oil, fined $50,000, and sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service.[3]
Captain Hazelwood never had his masters' license revoked and it remains valid to this date, but he has been unable to find long-term work as a captain after the spill. In a show of solidarity his alma mater, SUNY Maritime College, hired him as a teacher aboard the T/S Empire State V the year after the incident with the Valdez. In 1997, he was working as a para-legal and maritime consultant with New York City's Chalos & Brown, the firm that represented him in his legal cases. He was residing on Long Island in Huntington, New York in 1997.[10]
Though he was originally sentenced to assist with the clean-up of the oil spill, due to the lengthy appeals process, his community service was conducted in the Anchorage, Alaska, area, beginning in June 1999 picking up trash from local roads then later moving to Bean's Cafe, a local soup kitchen.[11] His community service was conducted over five years with the Anchorage Parks Beautification Program.[12] He paid the $50,000 fine in May 2002.[13]
In 2009, Hazelwood offered a "heartfelt apology" to the people of Alaska, but suggested he had been wrongly blamed for the disaster: "The true story is out there for anybody who wants to look at the facts, but that's not the sexy story and that's not the easy story," he said.[14] Investigative reporter Greg Palast supports Hazelwood's contention and assigns significant blame to Exxon, writing, "Forget the drunken skipper fable. As to Captain Joe Hazelwood, he was below decks, sleeping off his bender. At the helm, the third mate would never have collided with Bligh Reef had he looked at his Raycas radar. But the radar was not turned on. In fact, the tanker's radar was left broken and disabled for more than a year before the disaster, and Exxon management knew it. It was [in Exxon's view] just too expensive to fix and operate."[15] Yet Hazelwood said he felt Alaskans always gave him a fair shake. The apology appears in an interview in the book The Spill: Personal Stories from the Exxon Valdez Disaster by Sharon Bushell.[16]
Immediately following the Exxon Valdez incident, Hazelwood was ridiculed by talk shows and late night television. For example, according to one of David Letterman's Top Ten lists one of his excuses was, "I was just trying to scrape some ice off the reef for my margarita."[3] He was featured in syndicated comic strips like The Far Side strip, which showed him as a clumsy person who spilled in various stages of his life; as a baby (his cup), teenager (pen ink in his shirt pocket), and others. The six-picture single-panel strip ends with Hazelwood driving into a water tower.[17]
The 1995 film Waterworld anointed Hazelwood the patron saint of the movie's villain "The Deacon," leader of the "Smokers." a band of scavenging raiders. They displayed his portrait prominently aboard their flagship, the Exxon Valdez.[3] In 2001, the animated series Futurama satirized Hazelwood in the episode, "The Birdbot of Ice-Catraz." The episode had Bender as the captain of an intergalactic oil tanker who was, in an absurd parallel, not drunk enough (because some robots in Futurama require alcohol to function properly) and crashed the ship into a penguin sanctuary on Pluto, spilling the whole load of Dark-matter-oil.