John Negroponte

John Negroponte
15th United States Deputy Secretary of State
In office
February 13, 2007 – January 20, 2009
President George W. Bush
Preceded by Robert Zoellick
Succeeded by Jim Steinberg
Jacob Lew
1st United States Director of National Intelligence
In office
April 21, 2005 – February 13, 2007
President George W. Bush
Preceded by none; newly created office
Succeeded by John Michael McConnell
United States Ambassador to Iraq
In office
May 6, 2004 – 2005
President George W. Bush
Preceded by L. Paul Bremer (as Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance)
Succeeded by Zalmay Khalilzad
23rd United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
2001–2004
President George W. Bush
Preceded by Richard Holbrooke
James B. Cunningham (acting)
Succeeded by John Danforth
United States Ambassador to the Philippines
In office
1993–1996
President Bill Clinton
Preceded by Richard H. Solomon
Succeeded by Thomas C. Hubbard
United States Ambassador to Mexico
In office
1989–1993
President George H.W. Bush
Preceded by Charles J. Pilliod, Jr.
Succeeded by James Robert Jones
Deputy National Security Advisor
In office
1987–1989
President Ronald Reagan
Preceded by Colin Powell
Succeeded by Robert Gates
6th Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
In office
1985–1987
President Ronald Reagan
Preceded by James L. Malone
Succeeded by Frederick M. Berntha
United States Ambassador to Honduras
In office
1981–1985
President Ronald Reagan
Preceded by Jack R. Binns
Succeeded by John Arthur Ferch
Personal details
Born John Dimitri Negroponte
July 21, 1939 (1939-07-21) (age 72)
London, United Kingdom
Nationality  United Kingdom[1]
 United States
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Diana Villiers Negroponte
Children Marina, Alexandra, John, George, Sophia
Alma mater Yale University
Profession Diplomat

John Dimitri Negroponte ( /ˌnɛɡrˈpɒnti/; born July 21, 1939) is an American diplomat. He is currently a research fellow and lecturer in international affairs at Yale University's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs. Prior to this appointment, he served as the United States Deputy Secretary of State and as the first ever Director of National Intelligence.

Negroponte served in the United States Foreign Service from 1960 to 1997. From 1981 to 1996, he had tours of duty as United States ambassador in Honduras, Mexico, and the Philippines. After leaving the Foreign Service, he subsequently served in the Bush Administration as U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations from 2001 to 2004, and was ambassador to Iraq from June 2004 to April 2005. In November, 2010, some of Negroponte's letters were released on the website WikiLeaks.[2]

Contents

Background

Negroponte was born in London to Greek parents Dimitri John and Catherine Coumantaros Negroponte. His father was a Greek shipping magnate. Negroponte attended the Buckley School (New York City) and Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1956, and Yale University in 1960. He was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity, alongside William H.T. Bush, the uncle of President George W. Bush, and Porter Goss, who served as Director of Central Intelligence and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency under Negroponte from 2005 to 2006.[3]

After less than a semester at Harvard Law School, Negroponte joined the Foreign Service.[4] He later served at eight different Foreign Service posts in Asia (including the US Embassy, Saigon),[5] Europe and Latin America; and he also held important positions at the State Department and the White House. In 1981, he became the U.S. ambassador to Honduras. From 1985 to 1987, Negroponte held the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Subsequently, he served as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, from 1987 to 1989; Ambassador to Mexico, from 1989 to 1993; and Ambassador to the Philippines from 1993 to 1996. As Deputy National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan, he was involved in the campaign to remove from power General Manuel Noriega in Panama. From 1997 until his appointment as ambassador to the UN, Negroponte was an executive with McGraw-Hill.

Negroponte speaks five languages (English, French, Greek, Spanish, and Vietnamese). He is the elder brother of Nicholas Negroponte, founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab and of the One Laptop per Child project. His brother Michel Negroponte is an Emmy Award-winning filmmaker, and his other brother, George Negroponte, is an artist and was President of the Drawing Center from 2002-2007. Negroponte and his wife, the former Diana Mary Villiers (b. 14 August 1947), have five children: Marina, Alexandra, John, George and Sophia. They were married on December 14, 1976.

Ambassador to Honduras (1981–1985)

From 1981 to 1985, Negroponte was the U.S. ambassador to Honduras. During this time, military aid to Honduras grew from $4 million to $77.4 million a year, and the US began to maintain a significant military presence there, with the goal of providing a bulwark against the revolutionary Sandinista government of Nicaragua, a Leftist party which had driven out the Somoza dictatorship.

The previous U.S. ambassador to Honduras, Jack Binns (who was appointed by President Jimmy Carter) made numerous complaints about human rights abuses by the Honduran military under the government of Policarpo Paz García. Following the inauguration of Ronald Reagan, Binns was replaced by Negroponte, who has denied having knowledge of any wrongdoing by Honduran military forces.

In 1995, The Baltimore Sun published an extensive investigation of U.S. activities in Honduras. Speaking of Negroponte and other senior U.S. officials, an ex-Honduran congressman, Efraín Díaz, was quoted as saying:

Their attitude was one of tolerance and silence. They needed Honduras to loan its territory more than they were concerned about innocent people being killed.

Substantial evidence subsequently emerged to support the contention that Negroponte was aware that serious violations of human rights were carried out by the Honduran government, but despite this did not recommend ending U.S. military aid to the country. Senator Christopher Dodd of Connecticut, on September 14, 2001, as reported in the Congressional Record, aired his suspicions on the occasion of Negroponte's nomination to the position of UN ambassador:

Based upon the Committee's review of State Department and CIA documents, it would seem that Ambassador Negroponte knew far more about government perpetrated human rights abuses than he chose to share with the committee in 1989 or in Embassy contributions at the time to annual State Department Human Rights reports.[6]

Among other evidence, Dodd cited a cable sent by Negroponte, in 1985, that made it clear that Negroponte was aware of the threat of "future human rights abuses" by "secret operating cells" left over by General Gustavo Álvarez Martinez, the chief of the Honduran armed forces, after he was forcibly removed from his post by fellow military commanders in 1984.The cables reveal that Negroponte repeatedly urged reform of the Honduran criminal code and justice system to replace arbitrary measures taken by the Honduran government after events such as the blowing up of the nation's main power plant at Tegucigalpa and the kidnapping of the entire business establishment of San Pedro Sula, the second largest city, in 1982. (S. Menzel, Dictators, Drugs and Revolution: Cold War Campaigning in Latin America, 1965-89(New York: Author House, 2006), 141-43). Negroponte's predecessor as Ambassador, Carter appointee Jack Binns has acknowledged that human rights abuses carried out by the Honduran military were fostered by military assistance from the Argentine junta and the C.I.A. during the Carter administration, and that neither the Honduran government nor the CIA kept the embassy informed of what it was doing.[7] The scale of the carnage in Honduras was limited to less than 300 'disappearances' during the five years of the Negroponte and Binns ambassadorships as compared with 75,000 lost lives as a result of government and 'death squad' repression in El Salvador, notwithstanding that Honduras was involved in a low-level civil war punctuated at times by invasions of its territory

In April 2005, as the Senate confirmation hearings for the National Intelligence post took place, hundreds of documents were released by the State Department in response to a FOIA request by The Washington Post. The documents, cables that Negroponte sent to Washington while serving as ambassador to Honduras, indicated that he played a more active role than previously known in managing US efforts against the leftist Sandinistas. According to the Post, the image of Negroponte that emerges from the cables is that of an

exceptionally energetic, action-oriented ambassador whose anti-communist convictions led him to play down human rights abuses in Honduras, the most reliable U.S. ally in the region. There is little in the documents the State Department has released so far to support his assertion that he used "quiet diplomacy" to persuade the Honduran authorities to investigate the most egregious violations, including the mysterious disappearance of dozens of government opponents.[8]

The New York Times wrote that the documents revealed

a tough cold warrior who enthusiastically carried out President Ronald Reagan's strategy. They show he sent admiring reports to Washington about the Honduran military chief, who was blamed for human rights violations, warned that peace talks with the Nicaraguan regime might be a dangerous "Trojan horse" and pleaded with officials in Washington to impose greater secrecy on the Honduran role in aiding the contras.
The cables show that Mr. Negroponte worked closely with William J. Casey, then director of central intelligence, on the Reagan administration's anti-Communist offensive in Central America. He helped word a secret 1983 presidential "finding" authorizing support for the Contras, as the Nicaraguan rebels were known, and met regularly with Honduran military officials to win and retain their backing for the covert action.[9]

Both papers based their stories on cables obtained by a Post FOIA request. George Washington University's National Security Archive writes of

dozens of cables in which the Ambassador sought to undermine regional peace efforts such as the Contadora initiative that ultimately won Costa Rican president Oscar Arias a Nobel Prize, as well as multiple reports of meetings and conversations with Honduran military officers who were instrumental in providing logistical support and infrastructure for CIA covert operations in support of the contras against Nicaragua -"our special project" as Negroponte refers to the contra war in the cable traffic.[10] Negroponte was opposed to early drafts of peace settlements on the ground that they would have left undisturbed the enormous threat presented by expansion of the Nicaraguan armed forces with Soviet and Cuban aid. In his tenure in Honduras, Negroponte steered a middle course between State Department and journalistic critics who favored a policy of nonresistance to the militarization of the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua and its aid to rebel movements in Honduras and El Salvador and 'hard line' persons within the Reagan administration who would have involved the United States in Central America through actions such as blockades, bombing of Nicaraguan airfields, the provision of offensive weapons, and the installation of permanent military bases. A study of American policy has noted that "the United States had a great deal to do with the preservation of Honduran stability. Had it not been for U.S. enticements and pressures elections probably would not have been held in 1980 and 1981. The perpetuation of the military dictatorship would have undermined the legitimacy of the political oder, making it far more vulnerable to revolutionary trurmoil. By the same token, strong North American opposition to President Suazo's attempt to remain in power in 1985 helped preserve the fragile legitimacy that had been built over the preceding five years...massive economic aid prevented the economy's collapse. . . without the United States, it might well have disintegrated into chaos." (D. Schulz and D. Sundloff Schulz, The United States, Honduras and the Crisis in Central America (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994), 321. Following Bush-Gorbachev meetings beginning in 1986, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended military support for 'proxy wars', in Central America, and free elections in Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador followed. Senator Bill Bradley regarded the whole episode as "a minor issue--the supply of arms to the Nicaraguan contras, a policy that took on monumental proportions inside the Beltway and upon those liberals who saw another quagmire in every exercise of military power." (B.Bradley, Time Present, Time Past, a Memoir (New York: Knopf, 1996), 54.)

Assistant Secretary for Environment, Oceans and Fisheries (1985-*9)

In this posting, Negroponte together with Ambassador Richard Benedick negotiated the Montreal Protocol on Ozone, the most successful modern environmental treaty, overcoming opposition from Europe, Russia, and China and from some Reagan administration officials. (R. Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1998),101 He also fostered scientific cooperation with the Soviet Union clashing with 'hard liners' like Richard Perle as well as two treaties relating to cooperation in dealing with nuclear accidents in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster.

Ambassador to Mexico (1989–1993)

During Negroponte's tour as US Ambassador to Mexico, he was instrumental in persuading the Bush administration to respond to a Mexican initiative by negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement despite initial opposition by the U.S. Office of Trade Representative. His tenure in Mexico was thus the most consequential of any modern American ambassadorship. It was observed twenty years later that "Every so often, there comes to light a document revealing the foresight of a public servant who grasped the full consequences and implications of a particular government measure or policy. Such a document was written in the spring of 1991 by the then U.S.Ambassador to Mexico, John Negroponte."[11] Another commentator noted the subsequent proliferation of Negroponte's vision in other free trade agreements.[12] He officiated at the block-long, fortified embassy where he liberalized visa practices. The war against Zapatista rebels in Chiapas broke out after his departure.

Ambassador to the UN (2001–2004)

President George W. Bush appointed Negroponte to be U.S. ambassador to the United Nations in February 2001, and after substantial opposition from Senate Democrats the nomination was ratified by the Senate on September 15, 2001, four days after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. According to CBS News,

At the United Nations, Negroponte, 64, was instrumental in winning unanimous approval of a Security Council resolution that demanded Saddam Hussein comply with U.N. mandates to disarm.[13]

During Colin Powell's speech to the Security Council on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, Negroponte could be seen sitting behind Powell's left shoulder. Negroponte, however, had warned the Bush Administration about the adverse consequences of intervening in Iraq. C. Lynch, "UN Ambassador Emerges as Voice of Caution on Iraq," Washington Post, January 14, 2003, 17.

In the New York Review of Books, Stephen Kinzer reported that the messages sent by nominating Negroponte were that "the Bush administration will not be bound by diplomatic niceties as it conducts its foreign policy." A State Department official told him that "Giving him this job is a way of telling the UN: 'We hate you.'"[14]

Ambassador to Iraq (2004–2005)

On April 19, 2004, Negroponte was nominated by U.S. President George W. Bush to be the United States Ambassador to Iraq after the 30 June handover of sovereignty. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 6, 2004, by a vote of 95 to 3, and was officially sworn in on June 23, 2004 replacing L. Paul Bremer as the U.S.'s highest ranking American civilian in Iraq. He advised the Bush administration that security had to precede reconstruction in Iraq, organized a peaceful election, and gave advice, equally unwelcome to Secretary Rumsfeld and Democrats in Congress, that a five-year commitment would be required. R. Earle, "Nights in the Pink Motel:An American Strategist's Pursuit of Peace in Iraq (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 2008)

Director of National Intelligence (2005–2007)

On February 17, 2005, President George W. Bush named Negroponte as the first Director of National Intelligence, (DNI), a cabinet-level position charged with coordinating the nation's Intelligence Community.[15] On April 21, 2005, Negroponte was confirmed by a vote of 98 to 2 in the Senate, and subsequently sworn into the office that was called "substantially stronger" than its predecessor position, the Director of Central Intelligence.[16] Part of its power stemmed from the ability to "determine" budgets, prompting President Bush to remark, "That's why John Negroponte is going to have a lot of influence. He will set the budgets."[17] The budget of the Intelligence Community is estimated at $40 billion.[17]

A memorandum in the Federal Register signed May 5, 2006 by President Bush states that Negroponte, as intelligence czar, be delegated the authority to exempt companies from accurate accounting standards, a power previously reserved for the chief executive under the 1934 Securities Exchange Act.[18]

Reaction in the intelligence community to Negroponte's nomination was, according to Newsweek, "overwhelmingly positive" because he had "earned the respect of many intel professionals since those early days of the Reagan counterinsurgency."[19] The Times noted, "if anyone can bring a semblance of unity to America's bewildering network of competing spy agencies, it is John Negroponte."[20]

Congressional reaction was also positive. Sen. Jay Rockefeller (D-WV), then-vice chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee said, "I think that Ambassador Negroponte is a very sound choice. Ambassador Negroponte has served bravely and with distinction in Iraq and at the United Nations during a time of turmoil and uncertainty. He brings a record of proven leadership and strong management." Rep. Jane Harman (D-CA), then-ranking member of the House Intelligence Committee noted, "John Negroponte is a smart choice for a very important job. He's a seasoned and skilled diplomat, who has served with distinction at the United Nations and in Iraq -- and he has the full confidence of the president."[21]

According to John MacGaffin, the CIA's former associate deputy director for clandestine operations, "This is a guy who plays hardball. He's a man who understands the whole range of counterintelligence, intelligence and covert action. They're all parts of foreign policy and protecting ourselves."[19] "We've known for the last 40 years that what's wrong [with intelligence] is that no one's in charge," one retired CIA official told Newsweek. "For once we have a chance to do something with someone truly in charge. Negroponte's going to decide what the answer is."[19]

As DNI, Negroponte, "embarked on an impressive array of reform efforts," with "perhaps the most transformational work … [involving] the effort to retool the creaky electronic infrastructure of the intelligence community."[15]

According to U.S. News & World Report, one of Negroponte's first tests was on an overbudget satellite system. The $25 billion system, called the "Future Imagery Architecture," was created as the "foundation for the next generation of America's space-based surveillance efforts." The reality was quite different, as it became, "a managerial nightmare – five years behind schedule and billions over budget. Poor quality control and technical problems raised questions about whether the system would ever work properly." Negroponte "moved decisively" and jettisoned half the classified project.[15]

Negroponte also appointed "mission managers" – intelligence professionals focused on America's hardest targets and most looming threats. The mission managers are focused on counterterrorism, counterproliferation, counterintelligence, Iran, North Korea, and Cuba and Venezuela.[22] According to John McLaughlin, former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI), the mission manager concept, "holds much promise for integrating analysis, collection and other intelligence activities."[23][24] It has also proven beneficial during potential crises. According to a senior intelligence official quoted in US News and World Report, "In the days after North Korea's recent nuclear test, the DNI put mission manager and CIA veteran Joseph DeTrani at the center of the developing crisis. Along with issuing a twice-daily intelligence summary, DeTrani served as a 'traffic cop,' coordinating analysis, briefing the White House, and tasking spies on what to target."[15]

In a November 2006 cover story in US News and World Report, it was noted that Negroponte and his office, "have made a promising start – and, remarkably, encountered an apparent willingness to embark on the necessary reforms."[15] Progress made included the White House approval of more than 30 DNI recommendations on improving the flow of intelligence and terrorism data to state and local authorities; requiring intelligence agencies to accept each other's clearance; "open[ing] up the analytic process to new ideas and new people" to prevent groupthink – and the creation of an analytic ombudsman; the establishment of an Open Source center, "designed to broaden the flow of ideas to analysts"; and more "red teams" to challenge conventional thinking.[15] Furthermore, the President's Daily Brief, the highly classified report given to the President each morning by Negroponte, once prepared solely by the Central Intelligence Agency, is now compiled from intelligence agencies across the government. "I believe what I can bring to the community is a sense of what our most important customer is interested in," Negroponte told US News about briefing the president.[15]

In spite of his progress leading the Intelligence Community, though, there were rumors that Negroponte wanted to move back to the field in which he spent 37 years – the State Department and Foreign Service.[25] The rumors became official on January 5, 2007 when Negroponte announced his resignation as DNI and move to the State Department to serve as Deputy Secretary of State.[26]

Former DDCI John McLaughlin wrote after the resignation was announced, "Negroponte must be credited with bringing a reassuring and confident demeanor to a community that had been rocked by controversy."[23] According to Newsweek, "Under Negroponte, the intel czar's office was praised by both congressional and executive-branch officials for greatly improving—via its National Counterterrorism Center—the sharing among relevant agencies of intelligence reports about terror threats."[23][27]

Awards received

See also

References

  1. ^ Under British nationality law, Negroponte is a British citizen by jus soli.
  2. ^ http://213.251.145.96/cable/2008/12/08STATE134490.html
  3. ^ Marshall, Joshua Micah (2006-05-07). "Big world, small world". Talking Points Memo blog. http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/008390.php. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
  4. ^ Scott Shane (March 29, 2005), Poker-Faced Diplomat, Negroponte Is Poised for Role as Spy Chief, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/29/politics/29negroponte.html?_r=1&oref=slogin, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  5. ^ Paxman, Jeremy (1985), Through the Volcanoes: A Central American Journey, London: Paladin, p. 133 
  6. ^ "Nomination of John Negroponte". Congressional Record: (Senate). 2001-09-14. pp. S9431–S9433. http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2001_cr/s091401.html. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
  7. ^ J. Binns, The United States in Honduras: An Ambassador's Memoir, 1980–81)(Jefferson, N.C. Mc Farland, 2000), 13,14,33,51,320-22
  8. ^ Dobbs, Michael (2005-04-12). "Papers Illustrate Negroponte's Contra Role". The Washington Post. p. A04. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A44944-2005Apr11.html. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
  9. ^ Shane, Scott (2005-04-13). "Cables Show Central Negroponte Role in 80's Covert War Against Nicaragua". The New York Times. p. A14. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B16FE385A0C708DDDAD0894DD404482. Retrieved 2006-07-21.  (preview only)
  10. ^ Kornbluh, Peter (2005-04-12). "The Negroponte File: Negroponte's Chron File From Tenure in Honduras Posted". National Security Archive. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB151/index.htm. 
  11. ^ Joseph Contreras (2009), "In the Shadow of the Giant: The Americanization of Mexico", pp. 40-42.
  12. ^ Walter Russell Mead (September 1992). "Bushism, found: A second-term agenda hidden in trade agreements". Harper's Magazine. pp. 37–45. http://www.harpers.org/archive/1992/09/0001004. Retrieved 2011-03-29. 
  13. ^ "Bush Taps Negroponte For Iraq Post". CBS News. 2004-04-09. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/13/iraq/main611673.shtml. Retrieved 2006-08-17. 
  14. ^ Our man in Honduras (Stephen Kinzer for The New York Review of Books, September 20, 2001)
  15. ^ a b c d e f g First Line of defense — Insidethe effortto remake U.S. Intelligence, US News and world report, http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/intelligence/, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  16. ^ Richard A Best, Jr.; Alfred Cumming; and Todd Masse (PDF), Director of National Intelligence: Statutory Authorities, Federation of American Scientists, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RS22112.pdf, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  17. ^ a b William Branigin (February 17, 2005), Bush Nominates Negroponte to New Intel Post, The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A31826-2005Feb17.html, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  18. ^ "Intelligence Czar Can Waive SEC Rules". Businessweek.com. 2006-05-23. http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2006/nf20060523_2210.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-01. 
  19. ^ a b c Tough Diplomacy, msnbc.com, archived from the original on 2007-11-21, http://web.archive.org/web/20071121175306/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6989173/site/newsweek/page/2/, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  20. ^ Profile: John Negroponte: Ringmaster for the big US spy showdown, London: The Sunday Times, February 20, 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2088-1491501,00.html, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  21. ^ Reaction to the nomination of Negroponte as director of intelligence, cnn.com, February 17, 2005, http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/02/17/negroponte.reax/, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  22. ^ Office of the Director of national Intelligence, October 12, 2007, http://www.dni.gov, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  23. ^ a b c John McLaughlin (January 7, 2007), The New Intelligence Challenge, The Washington Post, p. B07, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010501809.html, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  24. ^ John Dimitri Negroponte - Greek Influance around the World, April 6, 2007, http://enas-ellhnas.blogspot.com/2007/04/john-dimitri-negroponte-greek-influance.html, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  25. ^ Al Kamen (November 15, 2006), Pentagon (Job) Classifieds, The Washington Post, p. A19, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/14/AR2006111401177.html, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  26. ^ President Bush Nominates John Negroponte as Deputy Secretary of State and Vice Admiral Mike McConnell as Director of National Intelligence, The White House, January 5, 2007, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070105-2.html, retrieved 2007-10-12 
  27. ^ Politics: A White House Shuffle, newsweek, January 15, 2007, archived from the original on 2007-05-12, http://web.archive.org/web/20070512165252/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16498077/site/newsweek/, retrieved 2007-10-12 

External links

Profiles

Favorable commentary

Criticism

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Jack R. Binns
United States Ambassador to Honduras
1981 – 1985
Succeeded by
John Arthur Ferch
Preceded by
Charles J. Pilliod, Jr.
United States Ambassador to Mexico
1989 – 1993
Succeeded by
James Robert Jones
Preceded by
Richard H. Solomon
United States Ambassador to the Philippines
1993 – 1996
Succeeded by
Thomas C. Hubbard
Preceded by
Richard Holbrooke
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
2001 – 2004
Succeeded by
John Danforth
Preceded by
L. Paul Bremer
(as head of the CPA)
United States Ambassador to Iraq
2004 – 2005
Succeeded by
Zalmay Khalilzad
Legal offices
Preceded by
Colin Powell
Deputy National Security Advisor
1987–1989
Succeeded by
Robert Gates
Government offices
Preceded by
James L. Malone
Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
1985 – 1987
Succeeded by
Frederick M. Bernthal
Preceded by
Porter Goss
(as DCI)
United States Director of National Intelligence
2005 – 2007
Succeeded by
John Michael McConnell
Preceded by
Robert Zoellick
United States Deputy Secretary of State
2007 – 2009
Succeeded by
James Steinberg and Jacob Lew