| Jayanegara | |
|---|---|
| Monarch of Majapahit Empire | |
| Reign | Majapahit: 1309 - 1328 |
| Full name | Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara |
| Died | 1328 |
| Place of death | Majapahit |
| Buried | Kapopongan Palace, Antawulan (Trowulan) |
| Predecessor | Raden Wijaya |
| Half-sister | Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi |
| Successor | Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi |
| Dynasty | Rajasa Dynasty |
Jayanegara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara also known as Kala Gemet), reigned from 1309 to 1328, was a Javanese King and the second monarch of Majapahit empire. Jayanegara was the heir, crown prince, the son of Raden Wijaya, the founder of Majapahit. The story of his life was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama. His reign saw the beginning of Gajah Mada's rise as an important figure in the empire.
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Raden Wijaya took all of Kertanegara's four daughters in the hand of marriage. The siblings are Tribhuwana the oldest also the queen, Prajnaparamitha, Narendra Duhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni the youngest. The reasons of Raden Wijaya's practice of siblings polygamy was to ensure his claim of legitimacy, also to prevent the contest for Kertanegara's Singhasari legacy. Raden Wijaya also took Indreswari (also known as Dara Petak), the princess of Malayu Dharmasraya Kingdom whom brought to Majapahit court from Sumatra through Kertanegara's Pamalayu expedition.
Without any doubt Prince Jayanegara was a legitimate son of Raden Wijaya. However there are several versions concerning Jayanegara's mother. Some earlier historian consider him as the son of Queen Tribhuwana (not to be confused with Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, Jayanegara's half-sister daughter of Gayatri Rajapatni), thus he earn the right to become the crown prince. However according to Pararaton, Jayanegara was Wijaya's son from Dara Petak, princess of Malayu Dharmasraya. While Queen Tribhuwana is childless, Gayatri Rajapatni has two daughters, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Rajadewi. To reconcile this facts, some historian suggested that Jayanegara was Dara Petak's son adopted by childless Queen Tribhuwana and raised as her own.
The reign of Jayanegara was a difficult and chaotic one, marked with several rebellions by unsatisfied Wijaya's former generals and princes. Among others are Nambi rebellion in 1316 and Kuti rebellion in 1319. Kuti rebellion is the most dangerous and a significant one, as Kuti managed to take control of palace and the capital city. With the help of Gajah Mada and his Bhayangkara royal guard special unit, Jayanegara barely escaped from the capital and safely hiding in Badander village. While the king was in hiding, Gajah Mada returned to the capital city to learn the situation. After learning that Kuti's rebellion was not supported by the people as well as nobles of Majapahit court, Gajah Mada wage a resistance forces to crush Kuti rebellion.
Finally Kuti forces was crushed and Jayanegara safely returned to his throne. For his loyalty and excellent service, Gajah Mada was promoted to higher office and begin his career in court royal politics.
According to tradition, although strikingly handsome, Jayanegara was notorious for his immorality and bad behavior. Known for his unpopular acts on desiring the wives and daughters of his subordinates. For this, he was entitled Kala Gemet, or "weak villain".
One of his untasteful acts[says who?] was his desire to taking his own stepsisters, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Rajadewi, as wives. He put his half-sisters in the custody of a fortified palace and left them unmarried beyond their suitable age for marriage. However his act was likely motivated to ensure his position and legitimacy, to prevent the future contest from the suitors of his half-sisters.
His unpopularity in Javanese literature and traditions was fuelled by his origin as the son of Sumatran Malayu princess, this make him viewed as a foreigner, not a true Javanese, nor the son of Kertanegara's daughters, thus make him weak in his legitimacy on Rajasa dynastic legacy.
In 1328, Jayanegara was murdered by his doctor, Tanca, during a minor operation. Gajah Mada punished and killed Tanca right away before the thorough investigation commenced. The true nature of Jayanegara assassination has remained a mystery. Some theory suggested it was caused by the king's immorality on taking Tanca's beautiful wive for his own. While other theory suspected Gajah Mada was the mastermind behind the assassination, as Gajah Mada was the loyal and trusted advisor for Princess Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. Until his death Jayanegara was remain childless without any heir, and his throne was passed to one of his siblings.
Jayanegara's stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni, was supposed to secure the throne, because she was the only legitimate Majapahit elder that was still alive. However Rajapatni has retired from worldly affairs to become a bhiksuni (a Buddhist nun) in a monastery. Rajapatni appointed her daughter, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, or known in her formal name as Tribhuwannottungadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, as the third monarch of Majapahit under Rajapatni's auspices.
The Bajang Ratu gate in Trowulan was traditionally linked to Jayanegara. The gate was identified as the part of Çrenggapura (Çri Ranggapura), his pedharmaan, the Kapopongan of Antawulan, a holy compound to appease and honor the soul of the late King Jayanegara.
| Preceded by Raden Wijaya |
Monarch of Majapahit Empire 1309–1328 |
Succeeded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi |