Ibid.

Ibid. (Latin, short for ibidem, meaning the same place) is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same), abbreviated Id., which is commonly used in legal citation.^[1] To find the ibid. source, one must look at the reference preceding it.

Example

• ^4 E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), p. 23.
• ^5 Ibid.
• ^6 Ibid., p. 29.
• ^7 Al Azif, The Necronomicon (Petrus de Dacia,1994).
• ^8 Ibid. 4, at 34

The reference, ⁵, is the same as ⁴: E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies on page 23, whereas the reference, ⁶, refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as ⁸. Notice that ibid. is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage.

See also

• Bibliography
• List of Latin phrases
• MLA style
• Op. cit.
• Loc. cit.
• Sic
• Ibid: A Life is a novel by Mark Dunn, made up entirely of endnotes.

References

External links

• Dictionary.com: ibid.
• Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles