Hypsarrhythmia

Hypsarrhythmia
Classification and external resources
MeSH D013036

Hypsarrhythmia is an abnormal interictal pattern, consisting of high amplitude and irregular waves and spikes in a background of chaotic and disorganized activity seen on electroencephalogram (EEG), frequently encountered in an infant diagnosed with infantile spasms, although it can be found in other conditions. In simpler terms, it is a very chaotic and disorganized brain electrical activity with no recognizable pattern, whereas a normal EEG shows clear separation between each signal and visible pattern.

Gibbs and Gibbs described hypsarrhythmia in 1952 as "...random high voltage waves and spikes. These spikes vary from moment to moment, both in time and in location. At time they appear to be focal, and a few seconds later they seem to originate from multiple foci. Occasionally the spikes discharge becomes generalized, but it never appears as a rhythmically repetitive and highly organized pattern that could be confused with a discharge of the petit mal or petit mal variant type".[1]

In most cases of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia either disappears or improves during a cluster of spasms and/or REM sleep. Hypsarrhythmia rarely persists beyond the age of 24 months.

Classification

Through the use of video EEG and continuous monitoring, five variants of the "classical" hypsarrhythmic pattern have been identified[2]:

  1. Hypsarrhythmia with increased interhemispheric synchronization. Characterized by symmetic and synchronized activity, seen in patients with longstanding evolution, specially in those with West syndrome that changes to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
  2. Asymmetric hypsarrhythmia. Associated with a brain structural abnormality, and not necessarily predicts the affected hemisphere.
  3. Hypsarrhythmia with a consistent focus of abnormal discharge.
  4. Hypsarrhythmia with episodes of voltage attenuation. Commonly seen during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. When the episodes of voltage attenuation appear at the time as a epileptic spams does, they're called electrodecrements.
  5. Hypsarrhythmia with little spike or sharp activity.

It can be associated with mental retardation.[3]

The "H" in PEHO syndrome stands for hypsarrhythmia.[4]

Hypsarrhythmia is frequently found in patients with West syndrome.[5]

References

  1. ^ Gibbs, FA (1952). Atlas of electroencephalography. Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. 
  2. ^ Hrachovy, RA; Frost JD (2003). "Infantile epileptic encephalopathy with hypsarrhythmia". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 20 (6): 408–425. 
  3. ^ "Hypsarrhythmia" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  4. ^ Vanhatalo S, Somer M, Barth PG (April 2002). "Dutch patients with progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome". Neuropediatrics 33 (2): 100–4. doi:10.1055/s-2002-32371. PMID 12075493. http://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2002-32371. 
  5. ^ "EEG in Common Epilepsy Syndromes: eMedicine Neurology". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1138154-overview. 
Basics
Treatments
Antiepileptics · Template:Anticonvulsants (for list) · Electroencephalography (diagnosis method) · Epileptologist
Related disorders
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Issues for epileptics
Seizure types
Epilepsy types
Partial/focal
Generalised
Status epilepticus
Myoclonic epilepsy
Non-epileptic seizures

M: CNS

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