Hydrocotyle
Hydrocotyle sometimes called water pennywort,[4] Indian Pennywort, Marsh Penny, Thick-leaved Pennywort and even White Rot[5] is a genus of prostrate, perennial[6] aquatic or semi-aquatic plants formerly classified in the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae.[3]
Description
Water pennyworts, Hydrocotyles are very common. They have long creeping stems that often form dense mats, often in and near ponds, lakes, rivers, marshes[4] and some species in coastal areas by the sea.[7][8]
- Leaves
- Simple, with small leafy outgrowth at the base, kidney shaped to round. Leaf edges are scalloped.
- Flowers
- Flower clusters are simple and flat-topped or rounded. Involucral bracts Inconspicuous bracts at the base of each flower. Indistinct sepals.
- Fruits and reproduction
- Elliptical to round with thin ridges and no oil tubes (Vitta) which is characteristic in the fruit of umbelliferous plants.[6]
- The prostrate plants reproduce by seed and by sending roots from stem nodes.[9]
Selected species
The Hydrocotyle genus has between 75 and 100 species[10] that grow in tropical and temperate regions worldwide[6] and a few species have made it into the world of cultivated ornamental aquatics.[11] A list of selected species:[1][2][3][10][12][13][14]
- Hydrocotyle americana L. -- American marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle batrachium Hance
- Hydrocotyle benguetensis Elm.
- Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. -- largeleaf pennywort
- Hydrocotyle bowlesioides Mathias & Constance—largeleaf marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle calcicola
- Hydrocotyle dichondroides Makino
- Hydrocotyle dielsiana
- Hydrocotyle heteromeria -- waxweed
- Hydrocotyle hexagona
- Hydrocotyle himalaica
- Hydrocotyle hirsuta Sw. -- yerba de clavo
- Hydrocotyle hitchcockii
- Hydrocotyle hookeri
- Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.
- Hydrocotyle keelungensis Liu, Chao & Chuang
- Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl. -- Brazilian pennywort
- Hydrocotyle mannii Hook.f.
- Hydrocotyle microphylla A.Cunn.
- Hydrocotyle moschata G. Forst. -- musky marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook.
- Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae DC.
- Hydrocotyle prolifera Kellogg—whorled marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle pseudoconferta
- Hydrocotyle pusilla A. Rich. -- tropical marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle ramiflora
- Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. -- floating marshpennywort, floating marshpennywort, floating pennyroyal
- Hydrocotyle salwinica
- Hydrocotyle setulosa Hayata
- Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. -- lawn marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle tambalomaensis
- Hydrocotyle tripartita
- Hydrocotyle umbellata L. -- manyflower marshpennywort, umbrella pennyroyal
- Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. -- whorled marshpennywort, whorled marshpennywort, whorled pennyroyal
- Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.
- Hydrocotyle wilfordii
- Hydrocotyle wilsonii
- Hydrocotyle yanghuangensis
Distribution
Hydrocotyle grow in wet and damp places in the tropics and the temperate zones.[6]
References
- ^ a b "Hydrocotyle L.". African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica.. http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/genre.php?langue=an&id=2141. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ a b Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus Hydrocotyle L.". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture,. http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=HYDRO2&display=31. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2006-04-02). "Genus: Hydrocotyle L.". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5898. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ a b University of Florida Herbarium (2005). "Hydrocotyle species". Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Particulars and Photographs. University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/hydrpic.html. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ M. Grieve (1931). "Hydrocotyle". A Modern Herbal. © Copyright Protected 1995-2008 Botanical.com. http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/h/hydcol46.html. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ a b c d Flora of China. "Hydrocotyle Linn.". Family List. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=115990. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ Aluka. "Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. [family UMBELLIFERAE"]. African Plants. Ithaka Harbors, Inc. doi:10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.HYDROCOTYLE.BONARIENSIS. http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.HYDROCOTYLE.BONARIENSIS. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ Schardosim, Alecsandro; Klein Vanilde, Citadini-Zanette, Robson dos Santos (September 2007). "Florística e estrutura comunitária de restinga herbácea no município de Araranguá, Santa Catarina" (in Spanish) (– Scholar search). Biotemas 20 (3): 15–26. http://www.biotemas.ufsc.br/pdf/volume203/p15a26.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ Watson, Mark F.. "Hydrocotyle L". Flora of Bhutan. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/URC/bhutanumbels/Hydrocotyle.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ a b Flora of China. "1. Hydrocotyle Linnaeus". Family List 14. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115990. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ "Pennywort, Genus Hydrocotyle". The Aquarium Gardener Series. http://www.wetwebmedia.com/PlantedTksSubWebIndex/hydrocotyle.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ Taiwan Plant Names. "Hydrocotyle Linn". Family List III. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=101&taxon_id=115990. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ Madagascar Catalog. "Hydrocotyle L.". Genus Page. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=115990. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ "hydrocotyle". New Zealand Weeds. Massey University: Institute of Natural Resources. http://weeds.massey.ac.nz/weeds.asp?pid=99&sf=common. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
External links
Media related to [//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrocotyle Hydrocotyle] at Wikimedia Commons