Humvee

Humvee

United States Marine Corps HMMWV in difficult terrain in Afghanistan
Type Unarmored: Light Utility Vehicle,
Armored: Light Armored Car
Place of origin  United States
Service history
In service 1984 – present
Production history
Manufacturer AM General
Unit cost Unarmored: $65,000
Armored: $140,000 [1]
Produced 1984 – present
Specifications
Weight 5,200–5,900 lb (2,340–2,680 kg) curb weight[2]
Length 15 ft (4.6 m)[3]
Width 7.08 ft (2.1 m)[3]
Height 6 ft (1.8 m), reducible to 4.5 ft (1.4 m)[3]
Main
armament		 see text
Engine 8 Cyl. Diesel 6.2 L (380 cu in)
or 6.5 L (400 cu in)[2]
6.5 L V8 turbo: 190 hp (142 kW) @ 3,400 rpm / 380 lbf·ft (515 N·m) @ 1,700 rpm
Transmission 4-speed automatic
Suspension Independent 4x4
Fuel capacity 25 U.S. gal (95 L)[3]
Speed 55 mph (89 km/h) at max gross weight[4]
Over 65 mph (105 km/h) top speed[5]

The High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), better known as the Humvee, is a military 4WD motor vehicle created by AM General. It has largely supplanted the roles formerly served by smaller Jeeps such as the M151 1⁄4-short-ton (230 kg) MUTT, the M561 "Gama Goat", their M718A1 and M792 ambulance versions, the CUCV, and other light trucks. Primarily used by the United States Armed Forces, it is also used by numerous other countries and organizations and even in civilian adaptations. The Hummer series was also inspired by the HMMWVs.

Contents

Features

The Humvee uses independent suspensions and portal geared hubs similar to portal axles to make for a full 16 inches of ground clearance. The vehicle also has disc brakes on all 4 wheels, and 4-wheel double-wishbone suspension. The brake discs are not mounted at the wheels as on conventional automobiles, but are inboard, attached to the outside of each differential. The front and rear differentials are Torsen type, and the center differential is a regular, lockable type. There are at least 17 variants of the HMMWV in service with the United States Armed Forces. HMMWVs serve as cargo/troop carriers, automatic weapons platforms, ambulances (four litter patients or eight ambulatory patients), M220 TOW missile carriers, M119 howitzer prime movers, M1097 Avenger Pedestal Mounted Stinger platforms, MRQ-12 direct air support vehicles, S250 shelter carriers, and other roles. The HMMWV is capable of fording 2.5 ft (76 cm) normally, or 5 ft (1.5 m) with the deep-water fording kits installed.

Optional equipment includes a winch (maximum load capacity 6,000 lb (2,700 kg)) and supplemental armor. The M1025/M1026 and M1043/M1044 armament carriers provide mounting and firing capabilities for the M134 Minigun, the Mk 19 grenade launcher, the M2 heavy machine gun, the M240G/B machine gun and M249 LMG. The M1114 "up-armored" HMMWV, introduced in 2004, also features a similar weapons mount.[6] In addition, some M1114 and M1116 up-armored and M1117 Armored Security Vehicle models feature a Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS), which allows the gunner to operate from inside the vehicle, and/or the Boomerang anti-sniper detection system. Recent improvements have also led to the development of the M1151 model, which is quickly rendering the previous models obsolete. By replacing the M1114, M1116, and earlier armored HMMWV types with a single model, the U.S. Army hopes to lower maintenance costs.

History

In the 1970s, the United States Army concluded that the militarized civilian trucks in use no longer satisfied their requirements. In 1977, Lamborghini developed the Cheetah model in an attempt to meet the Army contract specifications. In 1979, the Army drafted final specifications for a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, or HMMWV. In July of that year, AM General (a subsidiary of American Motors Corporation) began preliminary design work, and less than a year later, the first prototype, was in testing. In June 1981, the Army awarded AM General a contract for development of several more prototype vehicles to be delivered to the U.S. government for another series of tests, and the company was later awarded the initial production contract for 55,000 HMMWVs to be delivered in 1985. Ft. Lewis Washington and the 9th Infantry Division was the testing unit to employ HMMWV in the new concept of a Motorized Division to counter the Russian Motorized units. Yakima Training Center; Yakima, Washington was the main testing grounds of the HMMWVs from 1985 through December 1991, when the Motorized concept abandoned and the Division Deactivated. HMMWVs first saw combat in Operation Just Cause, the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989.

The HMMWV has become the vehicular backbone of U.S. forces around the world. Over 10,000 were employed by coalition forces during the Iraq War.

Usage in combat

The HMMWV was designed primarily for personnel and light cargo transport behind front lines, not as a front line fighting vehicle. Like the previous Jeep, the basic HMMWV has no armor or protection against chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear threats. Nevertheless, losses were relatively low in conventional operations, such as the Gulf War. Vehicles and crews suffered considerable damage and losses during the Battle of Mogadishu due to the nature of the urban engagement; however, the chassis survivability allowed the majority of those crews to return to safety, though the HMMWV was never designed to offer protection against intense small arms fire, much less machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades. However, with the rise of asymmetric warfare and low intensity conflicts, the HMMWV has been pressed into service in urban combat roles for which it was not originally intended.

After Somalia, the military recognized a need for a more protected HMMWV and AM General developed the M1114, an armored HMMWV to withstand small arms fire. The M1114 has been in limited production since 1996, seeing limited use in the Balkans before deployment to the Middle East. This design is superior to the M998 with a larger, more powerful turbocharged engine, air conditioning, and a strengthened suspension system. More importantly, it boasts a fully armored passenger area protected by hardened steel and bullet-resistant glass. With the increase in direct attacks and guerrilla warfare in Iraq, AM General has diverted the majority of its manufacturing power to producing these vehicles.

Modifications

In response to the vulnerability of HMMWVs operating in Iraq, "Up-Armor" kits were designed and installed on M998 HMMWVs. These kits, of which there are several types and iterations, include armored doors with bullet-resistant glass, side and rear armor plates, and a ballistic windshield which offer greater protection from ballistic threats and simple IEDs.

Although some of these kits were available prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, they were not provided in great numbers to American forces in Iraq prior to the invasion. As a result of this, American soldiers and Marines often improvised extra armor with scrap materials, known as "hillbilly armor" or "farmer armor" to improve the safety of the HMMWV. While this may have made the vehicle somewhat safer from a ballistic attack, it also increased the weight and raised the center of gravity of the vehicle, reducing its acceleration, handling, braking, reliability, and service life due to its overstressed suspension and drivetrain.[7][8] In addition to this, the majority of Humvees and other coalition vehicles used in the invasion of Iraq were fitted with Combat Identification Panels to reduce the possibility of friendly fire during combat. These were fitted to the driver and front passenger doors with cutouts to allow access to the door handles through the panels, and also on the hood between the windshield and top grille.

In December 2004, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld came under criticism from U.S. soldiers and their families for not providing better-equipped HMMWVs.[9] Rumsfeld pointed out that, prior to the war, armor kits were produced only in small numbers per year. As the role of American forces in Iraq changed from fighting the Iraqi Army to suppressing the guerrilla insurgency, more armor kits were being manufactured, though perhaps not as fast as production facilities were capable of bringing them online. Even more advanced kits were also being developed. However, while these kits are much more effective against all types of attacks, they weigh between 1,500 to 2,200 lb (680 to 1,000 kg) and have some of the same drawbacks as the improvised armor.[10] Unlike similar-size civilian cargo and tow trucks, which typically have dual rear wheels to reduce sway, the HMMWV has single rear wheels due to its independent rear suspension coupled with the body design.

The armor on most up-armored HMMWVs holds up well against lateral attacks, when the blast is distributed in all different directions, but offers little protection from a mine blast below the truck, such as buried IEDs and land mines. Explosively formed penetrators (EFPs) can also defeat the armor kits, causing casualties.

The armor kits fielded include the Armor Survivability Kit (ASK), the FRAG 5, FRAG 6, as well as upgrade kits to the M1151.[11][12] The ASK was the first fielded, in October 2003, adding about 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to the weight of the vehicle.[13] Armor Holdings fielded an even lighter kit, adding only 750 pounds (340 kg) to the vehicle's weight.[14] The Marine Armor Kit (MAK), fielded in January 2005, offers more protection than the M1114, but also increases weight.[15] The FRAG 5, the latest fielded armor kit, offers the greatest protection but may still be inadequate to stop EFP attacks.[16] The FRAG 6 kit, designed to do just that, is still in development, however its increased protection comes at a hefty price. Over 1,000 lb (450 kg) is added to the vehicle over the FRAG 5 kit, and the width of the vehicle is increased by 2 feet (61 cm). In addition, the doors may require a mechanical assist device to open and close.[17]

Another drawback of the up-armored HMMWVs occurs during an accident or attack, when the heavily armored doors tend to jam shut, trapping the troops inside.[18] As a result, HMMWVs are being fitted with hooks on their doors, so that another vehicle can rip the door off, freeing the troops inside.[19] In addition, Vehicle Emergency Escape (VEE) windows, developed by BAE Systems are currently being fielded for use on the M1114 uparmored HMMWV, with 1,000 kits ordered.[20]

The soldier manning the exposed crew-served weapon on top of the vehicle is extremely vulnerable. In response, many HMMWVs have been fitted with basic gun shields or turrets, as was the case with M113 APCs after they were first deployed in Vietnam. The U.S. military is currently evaluating a new form of protection, developed by BAE Systems as well as systems designed by the Army, which are already in theater.[21] The new gunner's seat is protected by 1.5 to 2 feet (46 to 61 cm) high steel plates with bullet-proof glass windows. Additionally, some HMMWVs have been fitted with a remotely operated CROWS weapon station, which slaves the machine gun to controls in the back seat so it can be fired without exposing the crew. The Boomerang anti-sniper system is also being fielded by some HMMWVs in Iraq to immediately give troops the location of insurgents firing on them.

Another weakness for the HMMWV has proven to be its size, which has limited its deployment in Afghanistan because it is too large for many forms of air transport. This size also limits the ability for the vehicle to be manhandled out of situations. Additionally, troops in Bosnia found the vehicle's wide track to be a liability, since two HMMWVs could not pass each other on narrow mountain roads.

Alternatives

Other countries in Europe and South Africa employ a number of different light armored vehicles, both tracked and wheeled, and some even built in the U.S. by Cadillac Gage, that are designed more specifically for low intensity combat situations, and are more resistant to small arms; some trucks even have high v-hull bottoms to deflect mine blasts.

The Army has purchased a purpose-built armored car, the M1117 Armored Security Vehicle in limited numbers for use by the United States Army Military Police Corps. In 2007, the Marine Corps announced an intention to replace all HMMWVs in Iraq with MRAPs due to high loss rates, and issued contracts for the purchase of several thousand of these vehicles, which include the International MaxxPro, the BAE OMC RG-31, the BAE RG-33 and Caiman, and the Force Protection Cougar,[22][23][24][25][26] which have been deployed with the Army and Marines primarily for mine clearing duties. Heavier models of infantry mobility vehicles (IMV) can also be used for patrol vehicles.[27] Some MRAP vehicles have been known to become stuck or roll over much more readily due to their high center of gravity and overall larger size compared to the HMMWV.

Versions

Major HMMWV versions

Expanded capacity

The M1113 has been selected by the Army as its A2 chassis for HMMWV purchases. Currently, the ECV is used for special operations vehicles and communications shelter carriers.

During 1995, production of the M1114 based on the improved ECV chassis began. The M1114 meets Army requirements for a scout, military police, and explosive ordnance disposal vehicle with improved ballistic protection levels. The M1114 provides protection against 7.62 mm armor-piercing projectiles, 155 mm artillery air bursts and 12 lb (5.4 kg). anti-tank mine blasts. The U.S. Air Force has a number of vehicles under the designation M1116, specifically designed to meet the requirements of the Air Force. The M1116 features an expanded cargo area, armored housing for the turret gunner and increased interior heating and air conditioning system. The M1114 and M1116 receive armor at O'Gara-Hess & Eisenhardt Armoring Company of Fairfield, Ohio.

International versions

Electric vehicle

See also: RDECOM/TARDEC

There is a 6 miles (9.7 km) all-electric range plug-in hybrid Humvee.[37]

Operators

The HMMWV is used by the following countries:

Replacement

Main article: Humvee replacement process

The Humvee replacement process, now being undertaken by the U.S. Military, is focused on interim replacement with MRAPs and long-term replacement with the JLTV. The HMMWV has evolved several times since its introduction, and is now used in tactical roles for which it was never originally intended. The U.S. Military is currently pursuing several initiatives to replace it, both in the short and long terms. The short term replacement efforts utilize commercial off-the-shelf vehicles as part of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) program. These vehicles are procured to replace Humvees in combat theaters. The long term replacement for the Humvee is the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle which is designed from the ground up. The Future Tactical Truck Systems (FTTS) program was initiated to make an analysis of potential requirements for a Humvee replacement. Various prototype vehicles such as the MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle, and the ULTRA AP have been constructed as part of these efforts.

Replicas

Kits have been produced for the general market to build a HMMWV-lookalike. The kits are applied to make a sedan into a Humvee lookalike. An alternative is to buy a preconstructed (or "turnkey") wombat. Various kits exist, but one of the most famous names is the "Wombat" (previously called a HummBug). The former vehicle can be purchased for US$18,000; this puts it considerably cheaper than the actual HMMWV ($56,000), or Hummer. In Australia, a Gold Coast-based company called Rhino Buggies produces replicas of the Hummer H1 based on the Nissan Patrol 4WD vehicle for around AU$30,000.[53] Rhino Buggies Humvee's have been used in film and TV and in 2009 were used in the movie X-Men Origins: Wolverine and in the 2010 film Daybreakers.

Some local vehicle assemblers in the Philippines even make small and full-sized replicas of the HMMWV. They are usually mounted on chassis intended for jeeps, jeepneys, or (in case of the full-sized replica) small trucks, and is powered by surplus gasoline or diesel engines. It looks like a real HMMWV, but it is smaller in size, and is priced the same as an ordinary "owner-type" jeep (Php80,000 upwards).

Similar vehicles

See also

Notes

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  20. ^ 05-Oct-2010 11:09 EDT (2010-10-05). "BAE Invents VEE Quick-Escape Bulletproof Windows". Defense Industry Daily. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/bae-invents-vee-quick-escape-bulletproof-windows-03711/. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
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  22. ^ 06-Mar-2007 12:34 EST (2007-03-06). "MRAP Advance Purchase #2: Oshkosh, PVI & GD". Defenseindustrydaily.com. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/03/mrap-advance-purchase-2-oshkosh-pvi-gd/index.php. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
  23. ^ 26-Feb-2007 11:40 EST (2007-02-26). "MRAP: Survivable Rides, Start Rolling". Defenseindustrydaily.com. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/mrap-survivable-rides-start-rolling/index.php. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
  24. ^ 03-Oct-2010 08:30 EDT (2010-10-03). "Cougar Armored Trucks to Stalk Mines on the Battlefield". Defenseindustrydaily.com. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/05/cougar-armored-trucks-to-stalk-mines-on-the-battlefield-updated/index.php. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
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  28. ^ VoIP and Call Center News Editor (2007-07-20). "TPI Composites and Armor Holdings Unveil Army's First All-Composite Military Vehicle". Tmcnet.com. http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2007/07/20/2800594.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
  29. ^ "TPI Composites engineers, fabricates and builds large scale composite structures and composite components for the wind energy, military, and transportation markets". Tpicomposites.com. http://www.tpicomposites.com/?id=21&uudis=6. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
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  32. ^ 25th March Independence Day parade
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  34. ^ a b http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6JP1w0tEOM
  35. ^ http://www.hechos.tv/seguridad-y-justicia/crean-rifle-automatico-para-festejar-el-bicentenario/v/25597
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  42. ^ http://www.601skss.cz/galerie/1/640/P7210019.jpg
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  45. ^ a b "U.S. Assistance improves Lebanese Armed Forces’ Transportation Capability". Press Releases (Embassy of the United States - Lebanon). June 22, 2009. http://lebanon.usembassy.gov/latest_embassy_news/09pressreleases/pr062209.html. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
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  47. ^ Partner, page 21. 2008.
  48. ^ New Zealand Army Website
  49. ^ http://www.defensa.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4332:el-ejercito-peruano-incrementara-su-flota-de-humvee&catid=55:latinoamerica&Itemid=163
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  53. ^ Rhino Buggies web site http://www.rhinobuggies.com.au/
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