A Holiday camp, is a type of holiday accommodation that encourages holiday-makers to stay within the site boundary and provides entertainment for them between meals. Today the term has fallen out of favour with terms such as Resort or Holiday village replacing it.
As distinct from camping, accommodation typically consisted of chalets – accommodation buildings arranged either individually or in blocks. From the 1960's onward, many camps also added static caravan accommodation and today large numbers of static caravans are also termed holiday camps.
Contents |
Cunningham's Young Men's Holiday Camp at Douglas on the Isle of Man is sometimes regarded as the first holiday camp. However, it differed from the definition above – especially as accommodation was still in tents.[1] Cunningham's was still open by the time Billy Butlin opened his first camp in 1936 (and still averaged 60,000 campers on a good year).[2]
By the start of the 20th century, camps were beginning to be built based on hut based accommodation. Opened in 1905 by J. Fletcher Dodd, Caister Camp in Caister-on-Sea, Norfolk was one of the first and later advertised itself as "The Oldest Established Camp".[3] Inspired by visits to Caister Camp, 'Pa' Potter opened a similar camp in Hemsby, Norfolk called Potters Camp it moved to Hopton-on-Sea in 1925 and to another site within that village in 1933.[4]
In the 1930s camps took on a larger scale with the establishment of large chains. The first of these was Warners, founded by Harry Warner who opened his first site on Hayling Island in 1931, with another three opening before the outbreak of World War II. [5] During the early 1930s, Warner asked Funfair entrepreneur Billy Butlin to join the board of his company and in 1935 Butlin observed the construction of Warner's holiday camp in Seaton, Devon. Butlin learned from the experience of Warner, and employed the workers who had constructed the Seaton camp to come to Lincolnshire to build his first camp under the Butlins name at Skegness in 1936, by the outbreak of the war, Butlin had 2 camps and a third under construction. [6] By 1939 there were around 200 Holiday Camps in the UK, at different seaside locations. [7]
During World War I, the Cunningham's holiday camp had found use as a Internment Camp.[8] With the arrival of the second world war, the British Government realised they could save money by requisitioning the many Holiday Camps around the country rather than building purpose built camps, for training, stationing troops, interment, and for housing refugees and workers. [9] After the war, most holiday camps in Britain had been damaged by troop occupation; the situation was so bad that questions were raised in parliament.[10][11]
However the War was not bad for all Camp Owners, Butlin did a deal with the War minister to sell his unfinished Filey camp and to complete the work at a lower price than the army could complete it himself. Butlin specified a contractual term to ensure that he could buy his camps back from the war ministry as soon as the war was over. [12] Another person to do well out of the war was Fred Pontin, during the war Pontin was the manager of a camp housing steel and sugar beet workers.Taking over the job, Pontin found that the previous manager had been assaulted by the workers due to a disagreement about food. Pontin quickly set about improving the conditions of those workers. After the war, Pontin took a loan and purchased a former military camp at Bream, Somerset which he opened as his first holiday camp. His company Pontin's was established in 1946. [9]
From the end of the war, through the 1950s and into the early 1960s the holiday camp industry thrived.[13] By 1964, Warner had 14 camps across the country, [5] Butlin opened his 10th camp in 1966, and Pontin had expanded into providing trips to Mediterranean locations in 1963. [14] However not all ideas took off, Butlin had attempted to expand into the Caribbean in the late 1940s hoping to market his camps in American, however in 1950 the venture was wound up. Butlin admitted defeat and focused his efforts back in Europe.[15]
However, by the 1970s the market began to decline as people began to holiday abroad taking advantage of the new, cheap package holidays. [16] Pontins was least affected, partly as they were already providing packaged holidays and partly because their smaller camps meant that they had fewer beds to fill. [17] Butlins attempted to diversify into this same market, purchasing smaller camps, and caravan parks and marketing them under the freshfields name.[18]
In the 1980s many camps were shut down, as holidaymakers turned to package holidays and individually tailored breaks. The holiday camp was seen as run of the mill, or something from the past.[19] 1983 saw the Butlins Camps close in Filey and Clacton. [20]
Through the 1990s, substantial investment was made in the remaining camps as operators attempted to concentrate their resources. they also attempted to concentrate on specific market sectors.[21] Butlins substantially rebuilt two of it's main camps with a focus on caravan accommodation and branded them under sister company Haven – Pwllheli becoming Hafan y Mor and Ayr becoming Craig Tara.[22] The number of Pontins Camps was reduced to 8 with several sold off or redeveloped for housing estates, meanwhile Warner's had experimented with "Adult Only" camps in the 1980s and gone on to develop hotels (usually in historic buildings) providing hotel type comfort mixed with holiday camp style entertainment. In recent years, Camps have attempted to improve their status by changing away from the Holiday Camp identity and identifying themselves as holiday centres, resorts, holiday villages, coastal villages, or holiday parks.[23]
Included in the price would be entertainments provided on site. These would include all or some of the following:
Most camps were by the seaside but some, like California in England near Wokingham, Berkshire were beside a lake and catered for a modest 300 guests. California in England also had the only glass-floored ballroom in the country.
There are usually extensive childcare facilities such as a crèche and various clubs to keep youngsters occupied, enabling parents to follow their own pursuits.
In addition there are usually other facilities for which a fee is charged: bars, restaurants,amusement arcades.
Holidaymakers would pay a fee for their accommodation and decide whether to go full board (all meals would also be included in the price), half board (only the main meal would be included) or self catering (no meals provided). At the larger camps it was not impossible for up to 10,000 people needing to be catered for. these camps would have two sittings for each meal, usually an hour apart. This could mean that a camp would serve over 200,000 meals per week, all cooked on site. In a typical year in the early 1960s, Butlins would cook:
One yardstick of the relative cultural impact of the three companies is that the Butlins' Redcoats (a sort of hybrid of general staff, entertainer and steward) are remembered more vividly than Pontins' Bluecoats and Warners' Greencoats whose uniform was based on the school blazer & tie worn by Captain Harry Warner as a schoolboy are hardly remembered at all. With the growth of caravan parks in the 1970s and 1980s, the entertainment teams adopted new names that didn't describe the 'stripey' style jackets they wore. Most notably were HavenMates and TeamStars.