High jump
The high jump is a track and field athletics event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without the aid of certain devices in its modern most practiced format; auxiliary weights and mounds have been used for assistance; rules have changed over the years. It has been contested since the Olympic Games of ancient Greece. Over the centuries since, competitors have introduced increasingly more effective techniques to arrive at the current form. Javier Sotomayor (Cuba) is the current men's record holder with a jump of 2.45 metres set in 1993, the longest standing record in the history of the men's high jump. Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria) has held the women's world record at 2.09 metres since 1987, also the longest-held record in the event.
Contents |
History
The first recorded high jump event took place in Scotland in the 19th century. Early jumpers used either an elaborate straight-on approach or a scissors technique. In the latter, the bar was approached diagonally, and the jumper threw first the inside leg and then the other over the bar in a scissoring motion. Around the turn of the 20th century, techniques began to modernise, starting with the Irish-American Michael Sweeney's Eastern cut-off. By taking off like the scissors, but extending his back and flattening out over the bar, Sweeney achieved a more economic clearance and raised the world record to 6 feet 5.625 inches (1.97 m) in 1895.
Another American, George Horine, developed an even more efficient technique, the Western roll. In this style, the bar again is approached on a diagonal, but the inner leg is used for the take-off, while the outer leg is thrust up to lead the body sideways over the bar. Horine increased the world standard to 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) in 1912. His technique predominated through the Berlin Olympics of 1936, in which the event was won by Cornelius Johnson at 2.03 metres (6 ft 8 in).
American and Soviet jumpers held the playing field for the next four decades, and they pioneered the evolution of the straddle technique. Straddle jumpers took off as in the Western roll, but rotated their (belly-down) torso around the bar, obtaining the most economical clearance up to that time. Straddle-jumper Charles Dumas broke the elusive 7 feet (2.13 m) barrier in 1956, and American John Thomas pushed the world mark to 2.23 metres (7 ft 4 in) in 1960. Valeriy Brumel took over the event for the next four years. The elegant Soviet jumper radically sped up his approach run, took the record up to 2.28 metres (7 ft 6 in), and won the Olympic gold medal in 1964, before a motorcycle accident ended his career.
American coaches, including two-time NCAA champion Frank Costello of the University of Maryland, flocked to Russia to learn from Brumel and his coaches. However, it would be a solitary innovator at Oregon State University, Dick Fosbury, who would bring the high jump into the next century. Taking advantage of the raised, softer landing areas by then in use, Fosbury added a new twist to the outmoded Eastern Cut-off. He directed himself over the bar head and shoulders first, sliding over on his back and landing in a fashion which would likely have broken his neck in the old, sawdust landing pits. After he used this Fosbury flop to win the 1968 Olympic gold medal, the technique began to spread around the world, and soon floppers were dominating international high jump competitions. The last straddler to set a world record was Vladimir Yashchenko, who cleared 2.33 metres (7 ft 8 in) in 1977 and then 2.35 metres (7 ft 9 in) indoors in 1978.
Among renowned high jumpers following Fosbury's lead were: Americans Dwight Stones and his rival, 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m) tall Franklin Jacobs of Paterson, NJ, who cleared 2.32 metres (7 ft 7 in), an astounding 0.59 metres (1 ft 11 in) over his head (a feat equaled by Sweden's Stefan Holm); Chinese record-setters Ni-chi Chin and Zhu Jianhua; Germans Gerd Wessig and Dietmar Mögenburg; Swedish Olympic medalist and world record holder Patrik Sjöberg; and female jumpers Iolanda Balaş of Romania, Ulrike Meyfarth of Germany and Italy's Sara Simeoni.
Technical aspects
High jump shoes
High jump shoes are different from most other track shoes in that they have much thicker soles than ordinary "sprint spikes" - in order to provide stability and comfort at take-off - and there are an additional four holes in the heel of the takeoff shoe, where the user can insert spikes for increased traction. The total number of spikes allowed by the IAAF can not exceed 11 in the sole, and jump shoes are normally configured with six or seven in the front, and four in the heel: spikes may not exceed 12mm in length. Because the rear spikes are only in the take-off shoe, jumpers, when purchasing, must specify whether they want a right- or left-jump pair. The four heel spikes aid greatly in the last four to five steps of the J-approach, allowing the jumper to run on his or her curve at a fast speed without slipping. Some high jump shoes are even more technologically developed and in addition to the extra spikes on the heel, the shoes are modified to lean the direction of the approach to provide further support while running their curve. As well as the approach, high jump shoes also help and support the jumper's takeoff. The IAAF regulations specify a maximum sole thickness for both high jump and long jump shoes; competitors in all other events may wear shoes with soles of any thickness.
The approach
The approach of the high jump may actually be more important than the take off. If a high jumper runs with bad timing or without enough aggression, clearing a high bar becomes more of a challenge. The approach requires a certain shape or curve, the right amount of speed, and the correct number of strides. The approach angle is also critical for optimal height.
Most great straddle jumpers have a run at angles of about 30 to 40 degrees. The length of the run is determined by the speed of the person's approach. A slower run requires about 8 strides. However, a faster high jumper might need about 13 strides. A greater run speed allows a greater part of the body's forward momentum to be converted upward [1].
The J type approach, favored by Fosbury floppers, allows for horizontal speed, the ability to turn in the air (centripetal force), and good take-off position. The approach should be a hard controlled stride so that a person does not fall from creating an angle with speed. Athletes should run tall and lean from the ankles on the curve and not the hips [2]. Unlike the "classic" straddle technique, where the take-off foot is "planted" in the same spot at every height, flop-style jumpers must adjust their take-off as the bar is raised. Their J approach run must be adjusted slightly so that their take-off spot is slightly further out from the bar in order to allow their hips to clear the bar while still maintaining enough momentum to carry their legs across the bar. Jumpers attempting to reach record heights commonly fail when most of their energy is directed into the vertical effort, and they brush the bar off the standards with the backs of their legs as they stall-out in mid-air.
Drills can be practiced to solidify the approach. One drill is to run in a straight line (the linear part of the approach) and then run two to three circles spiraling into one another. Another is to run or skip a circle of any size, two to three times in a row [3]. It is important to train to leap upwards without first leaning into the bar, allowing the momentum of the J approach to carry the body across the bar.
Declaring the winner
In competition the winner is the person who cleared the highest height. In case of a tie, fewer failed attempts at that height are better: i.e., the jumper who makes a height on his/her first attempt is place ahead of someone who clears the same height on the second or third attempt. If there still is a tie here, all the failed attempts at lower heights are added up, the one with the fewest number of total misses is declared the winner. If still tied a playoff is held. Starting height is the next larger height after the overjumped one. If all the competitors clear the height, the bar is raised 2 cm (1 in), if they fail the bar is lowered 2 cm (1 in). That continues until only one competitor succeeds in overjumping that height, he is declared the winner.
- In the example below, jumpers A and D each clear 1.99m, but after both fail to clear 2.02, A is declared the winner on the basis of having cleared the winning height on the second attempt, while jumper D required three tries.
| Athlete | 1.87 | 1.90 | 1.93 | 1.96 | 1.99 | 2.02 | Attempt | Failed Attempts | Height | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | - | - | XO | XO | XO | XXX | 9 | 3 | 1.99 | 1st |
| B | O | - | O | O | XXX | 6 | 0 | 1.96 | 3rd | |
| C | O | - | XO | XO | X-- | XX | 8 | 2 | 1.96 | 4th |
| D | - | XO | O | XXO | XXO | XXX | 12 | 5 | 1.99 | 2nd |
| E | - | - | - | XXX | — | 5th |
Top performers
Updated 4 September 2010.[1]
Men (outdoor) [2][3]
| Pos. | Mark | Athlete | Nationality | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 2.45 m (8 ft 0 in) | Javier Sotomayor | Cuba | Salamanca | 23 July 1993 |
| 2. | 2.42 m (7 ft 11 in) | Patrik Sjöberg | Sweden | Stockholm | 30 June 1987 |
| 3. | 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) | Igor Paklin | Soviet Union | Kobe | 4 September 1985 |
| 4. | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Rudolf Povarnitsyn | Soviet Union | Donetsk | 11 August 1985 |
| Sorin Matei | Romania | Bratislava | 20 June 1990 | ||
| Charles Austin | USA | Zürich | 7 August 1991 | ||
| Vyacheslav Voronin | Russia | London | 5 August 2000 | ||
| 8. | 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) | Zhu Jianhua | China | Eberstadt | 10 June 1984 |
| Hollis Conway | USA | Norman | 30 July 1989 | ||
| 10. | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Hennadiy Avdyeyenko | Soviet Union | Roma | 6 September 1987 |
| Sergey Malchenko | Soviet Union | Banská Bystrica | 4 September 1988 | ||
| Dragutin Topić | Serbia | Beograd | 1 August 1993 | ||
| Troy Kemp | Bahamas | Nice | 12 July 1995 | ||
| Artur Partyka | Poland | Eberstadt | 18 August 1996 | ||
| Jacques Freitag | South Africa | Oudtshoorn | 5 March 2005 | ||
| Andriy Sokolovskyy | Ukraine | Roma | 8 July 2005 | ||
| Andrey Silnov | Russia | London | 25 July 2008 |
Women (outdoor)
| Pos. | Mark | Athlete | Nationality | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 2.09 m (6 ft 10 in) | Stefka Kostadinova | Bulgaria | Rome | 30 August 1987 |
| 2. | 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) | Blanka Vlašić | Croatia | Zagreb | 31 August 2009 |
| 3. | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | Lyudmila Andonova | Bulgaria | Berlin | 20 July 1984 |
| Anna Chicherova | Russia | Cheboksary | 22 July 2011 | ||
| 5. | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) | Kajsa Bergqvist | Sweden | Eberstadt | 26 July 2003 |
| Hestrie Cloete | South Africa | Paris | 31 August 2003 | ||
| Yelena Slesarenko | Russia | Athens | 28 August 2004 | ||
| Ariane Friedrich | Germany | Berlin | 14 June 2009 | ||
| 9. | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Tamara Bykova | Soviet Union | Kiev | 22 June 1984 |
| Heike Henkel | Germany | Tokyo | 31 August 1991 | ||
| Inha Babakova | Ukraine | Tokyo | 15 September 1995 | ||
| Tia Hellebaut | Belgium | Beijing | 23 August 2008 | ||
| Chaunté Lowe | USA | Des Moines | 26 June 2010 |
Men (indoor)
Updated to 10-feb-2011 [4]
| Pos. | Mark | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 2.43 m (8 ft 0 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | Budapest | 4 March 1989 |
| 2. | 2.42 m (7 ft 11 in) | Carlo Thränhardt (FRG) | Berlin | 26 February 1988 |
| 3. | 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) | Patrik Sjöberg (SWE) | Piraeus | 1 February 1987 |
| 4. | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Hollis Conway (USA) | Sevilla | 10 March 1991 |
| Stefan Holm (SWE) | Madrid | 6 March 2005 | ||
| Ivan Ukhov (RUS) | Athens | 25 February 2009 | ||
| 7. | 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) | Dietmar Mögenburg (FRG) | Köln | 24 February 1985 |
| Ralf Sonn (GER) | Berlin | 1 March 1991 | ||
| 9. | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Igor Paklin (USSR) | Indianapolis | 7 March 1987 |
| Hennadiy Avdyeyenko (USSR) | Indianapolis | 7 March 1987 | ||
| Steve Smith (GBR) | Wuppertal | 4 February 1994 | ||
| Wolf-Hendrik Beyer (GER) | Weinheim | 18 March 1994 | ||
| Sorin Matei (ROM) | Wuppertal | 3 February 1995 | ||
| Matt Hemingway (USA) | Atlanta | 4 March 2000 | ||
| Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS) | Stockholm | 15 February 2005 | ||
| Linus Thörnblad (SWE) | Göteborg | 25 February 2007 |
Women (indoor)
Updated to 10-feb-2011.[5]
| Pos. | Mark | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) | Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE) | Arnstadt | 6 February 2006 |
| 2. | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | Heike Henkel (GER) | Karlsruhe | 8 February 1992 |
| 3. | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) | Athens | 20 February 1988 |
| Blanka Vlašić (CRO) | Arnstadt | 6 February 2010 | ||
| 5. | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Tia Hellebaut (BEL) | Birmingham | 3 March 2007 |
| Ariane Friedrich (GER) | Karlsruhe | 15 February 2009 | ||
| 7. | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | Alina Astafei (GER) | Berlin | 3 March 1995 |
| Anna Chicherova (RUS) | Yekaterinburg | 7 January 2003 | ||
| Yelena Slesarenko (RUS) | Budapest | 7 March 2004 | ||
| Antonietta Di Martino (ITA) | Banská Bystrica | 9 February 2011 | ||
| 11. | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | Tamara Bykova (USSR) | Budapest | 6 March 1983 |
| Monica Iagăr (ROM) | Bucharest | 23 January 1999 | ||
| Marina Kuptsova (RUS) | Wien | 2 March 2002 |
Best Year Performance
Men's Seasons Best (Outdoor)
| Year | Height | Athlete | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in) | Pat Matzdorf (USA) | Berkeley |
| 1972 | 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) | Jüri Tarmak (URS) | Moscow |
| 1973 | 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) | Dwight Stones (USA) | Munich |
| 1974 | 2.28 m (7 ft 6 in) | Dwight Stones (USA) | Oslo |
| 1975 | 2.28 m (7 ft 6 in) | Dwight Stones (USA) | New York |
| 1976 | 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) | Dwight Stones (USA) | Philadelphia |
| 1977 | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) | Vladimir Yashchenko (URS) | Richmond |
| 1978 | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Vladimir Yashchenko (URS) | Tbilisi |
| 1979 | 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) | Dietmar Mögenburg (FRG) | Ottawa |
| 1980 | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Gerd Wessig (GDR) | Moscow |
| 1981 | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) | Aleksey Demyanyuk (URS) | Leningrad |
| 1982 | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) | Zhu Jianhua (CHN) | Delhi |
| 1983 | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Zhu Jianhua (CHN) | Shanghai |
| 1984 | 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) | Zhu Jianhua (CHN) | Eberstadt |
| 1985 | 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) | Igor Paklin (URS) | Kobe |
| 1986 | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Igor Paklin (URS) | Rieti |
| 1987 | 2.42 m (7 ft 11 in) | Patrik Sjöberg (SWE) | Stockholm |
| 1988 | 2.43 m (8 ft 0 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | Salamanca |
| 1989 | 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | San Juan |
| 1990 | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Sorin Matei (ROM) | Bratislava |
| 1991 | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) Charles Austin (USA) |
Saint-Denis Zürich |
| 1992 | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) | Steve Smith (GBR) | Seoul |
| 1993 | 2.45 m (8 ft 0 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | Salamanca |
| 1994 | 2.42 m (7 ft 11 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | Seville |
| 1995 | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | Mar del Plata |
| 1996 | 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) | Charles Austin (USA) | Atlanta |
| 1997 | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | Athens |
| 1998 | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | Maracaibo |
| 1999 | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) | Vyacheslav Voronin (RUS) | Seville |
| 2000 | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Vyacheslav Voronin (RUS) | London |
| 2001 | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) | Vyacheslav Voronin (RUS) | Eberstadt |
| 2002 | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) | Jacques Freitag (RSA) | Durban |
| 2003 | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Aleksander Walerianczyk (POL) | Bydgoszcz |
| 2004 | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Stefan Holm (SWE) | Eberstadt |
| 2005 | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Jacques Freitag (RSA) Andriy Sokolovskyy (UKR) |
Oudtshoorn Rome |
| 2006 | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) | Andrey Silnov (RUS) | Monaco |
| 2007 | 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) | Donald Thomas (BAH) Stefan Holm (SWE) Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS) Kyriacos Ioannou (CYP) |
Salamanca Stockholm Osaka Osaka |
| 2008 | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Andrey Silnov (RUS) | London |
| 2009 | 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) | Andra Manson (USA) Ivan Ukhov (RUS) Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS) |
Austin Cheboksary Cheboksary |
| 2010 | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Ivan Ukhov (RUS) | Opole |
Women's Seasons Best (Outdoor)
| Year | Height | Athlete | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | Antonina Lazareva (URS) | Kiev |
| 1971 | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | Ilona Gusenbauer (AUT) | Vienna |
| 1972 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | Yordanka Blagoeva (BUL) | Zagreb |
| 1973 | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | Yordanka Blagoeva (BUL) | Warsaw |
| 1974 | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR) | Rome |
| 1975 | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR) | Nice |
| 1976 | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR) | Dresden |
| 1977 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR) | Berlin |
| 1978 | 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) | Sara Simeoni (ITA) | Brescia |
| 1979 | 1.99 m (6 ft 6 in) | Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR) | Turin |
| 1980 | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | Sara Simeoni (ITA) | Turin |
| 1981 | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Pamela Spencer (USA) | Brussels |
| 1982 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG) | Athens |
| 1983 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | Tamara Bykova (URS) | Pisa |
| 1984 | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | Lyudmila Andonova (BUL) | Berlin |
| 1985 | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) | Moscow |
| 1986 | 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) | Sofia |
| 1987 | 2.09 m (6 ft 10 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) | Rome |
| 1988 | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) | Sofia |
| 1989 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | Silvia Costa (CUB) | Barcelona |
| 1990 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | Yelena Yelesina (URS) | Seattle |
| 1991 | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Heike Henkel (GER) | Tokyo |
| 1992 | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) | San Marino |
| 1993 | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) | Fukuoka |
| 1994 | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | Silvia Costa (CUB) Inga Babakova (UKR) Britta Bilač (SLO) |
Havana Moscow Helsinki |
| 1995 | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Inga Babakova (UKR) | Tokyo |
| 1996 | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) | Atlanta |
| 1997 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) Inga Babakova (UKR) |
Osaka Fukuoka |
| 1998 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | Venelina Veneva (BUL) | Kalámai |
| 1999 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | Hestrie Cloete (RSA) | Monaco |
| 2000 | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | Monica Iagăr (ROM) | Villeneuve d'Ascq |
| 2001 | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | Venelina Veneva (BUL) | Kalamáta |
| 2002 | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE) | Poznań |
| 2003 | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) | Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE) Hestrie Cloete (RSA) |
Eberstadt Saint-Denis |
| 2004 | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) | Yelena Slesarenko (RUS) | Athens |
| 2005 | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE) | Sheffield |
| 2006 | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE) | London |
| 2007 | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | Blanka Vlašić (CRO) | Stockholm |
| 2008 | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) | Blanka Vlašić (CRO) | Istanbul Madrid |
| 2009 | 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) | Blanka Vlašić (CRO) | Zagreb |
| 2010 | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Chaunté Lowe (USA) Blanka Vlašić (CRO) |
Des Moines Split |
Athletes with most medals
Men
| Athlete | Olympic Games | World Championships | World Indoor Championships | Continental Championships | Continental Indoor Championships | Universiade | Regional Games Mediterranean Panamerican Asian |
Total | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Javier Sotomayor | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 1 |
| Dietmar Mögenburg | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 7 | 3 | 1 |
| Stefan Holm | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 7 | 2 | 1 |
| Patrik Sjöberg | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 6 | 3 | 2 |
| Lee Jin-Taek | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| Igor Paklin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Valeriy Brumel | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Zhu Jianhua | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| Yaroslav Rybakov | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 3 | 8 | 2 |
| Dragutin Topić | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Vladimir Yashchenko | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Hollis Conway | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Women
| Athlete | Olympic Games | World Championships | World Indoor Championships | Continental Championships | Continental Indoor Championships | Universiade | Regional Games Mediterranean Panamerican |
Total | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stefka Kostadinova | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 13 | 2 | 0 |
| Sara Simeoni | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 4 |
| Blanka Vlašić | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
| Heike Henkel | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 6 | 1 | 3 |
| Iolanda Balaş | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 6 | 1 | 0 |
| Kajsa Bergqvist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| Rosemarie Ackermann | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| Tamara Bykova | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - | - | - | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Alina Astafei | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Tia Hellebaut | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Ulrike Meyfarth | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| Yelena Slesarenko | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | 1 |
High Jump Differentials
All time lists of athletes with the highest recorded jumps above their own height.[6][7]
Men
| Athlete | born | tall | jump | year | diff. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stefan Holm | 1976 | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in)i | 2005 | 0.59 m (1 ft 11 in) |
| Franklin Jacobs | 1957 | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in)i | 1978 | ||
| 3 | Linus Thörnblad | 1985 | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in)i | 2005 | 0.58 m (1 ft 11 in) |
| Anton Riepl | 1969 | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in)i | 1993 | ||
| Rick Noji | 1967 | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in) | 1992 | ||
| 6 | Hollis Conway | 1967 | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in)i | 1989 | 0.57 m (1 ft 10 in) |
| 7 | Takahiro Kimino | 1973 | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) | 1993 | 0.56 m (1 ft 10 in) |
| Charles Austin | 1967 | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | 1991 | ||
| Sorin Matei | 1963 | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | 1990 | ||
| 10 | Robert Wolski | 1982 | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in) | 2006 | 0.55 m (1 ft 10 in) |
| Hari Shankar Roy | 1986 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) | 2004 | ||
| Marcello Benvenuti | 1984 | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) | 1986 | ||
| Milton Ottey | 1959 | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) | 1986 | ||
| 14 | Hikaru Tsuchiya | 1986 | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) | 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) | 2009 | 0.54 m (1 ft 9 in) |
| Jeremy Fischer | 1976 | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in) | 2000 | ||
| Motochika Inoue | 1967 | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | 2.28 m (7 ft 6 in) | 1987 | ||
| Takashi Katamine | 1958 | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | 2.27 m (7 ft 5 in) | 1983 |
Women
| Athlete | born | tall | jump | year | diff. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antonietta Di Martino | 1979 | 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in)i | 2011 | 0.35 m (1 ft 2 in) |
| 2 | Kajsa Bergqvist | 1976 | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in)i | 2006 | 0.33 m (1 ft 1 in) |
| Niki Bakoyianni | 1968 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | 1998 | ||
| 4 | Yolanda Henry | 1964 | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in)i | 1990 | 0.32 m (1 ft 1 in) |
| Emilia Dragieva | 1965 | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in)ì | 1987 | ||
| 6 | Marie Collonvillé | 1973 | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | 1997 | 0.31 m (1 ft 0 in) |
| 7 | Jessica Ennis | 1986 | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | 2007 | 0.30 m (1 ft 0 in) |
| Viktoriya Seryogina | 1973 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | 2002 | ||
| Lyudmila Andonova | 1960 | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | 1984 | ||
| Cindy Holmes | 1962 | 1.53 m (5 ft 0 in) | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 1982 |
Absoluted national records
Updated April 2010.
Men
| Nation | Height | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CUB | 2.45 m (8 ft 0 in) | Javier Sotomayor | Salamanca | 1993-07-27 |
| SWE | 2.42 m (7 ft 11 in) | Patrik Sjöberg | Stockholm | 1987-06-30 |
| GER | 2.42 m (7 ft 11 in) | Carlo Thränhardt | Berlin | 1988-02-26 |
| KGZ | 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) | Igor Paklin | Kobe | 1985-09-04 |
| UKR | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Rudolf Povarnitsin | Donetsk | 1985-08-11 |
| ROM | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Sorin Matei | Bratislava | 1990-06-20 |
| USA | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Charles Austin | Zürich | 1991-08-07 |
| RUS | 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in) | Vyacheslav Voronin | London | 2000-08-05 |
| PRC | 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) | Zhu Jianhua | Beijing | 1983-06-11 |
| SRB | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Dragutin Topic | Belgrad | 1993-08-01 |
| BAH | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Troy Kemp | Nice | 1995-07-12 |
| POL | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Artur Partyka | Eberstadt | 1996-08-18 |
| RSA | 2.38 m (7 ft 10 in) | Jacques Freitag | Oudtshoorn | 2005-03-05 |
| AZE | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) | Valeriy Sereda | Rieti | 1984-09-02 |
| GBR | 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) m | Steve Smith | Seoul | 1992-09-20 |
| BEL | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Eddy Annys | Ghent | 1985-05-26 |
| CZE | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Jan Zvara Jaroslav Baba |
Prague Rome |
1987-08-23 2005-07-08 |
| BER | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Clarence Saunders | Auckland | 1990-02-01 |
| BUL | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Georgi Dakov | Brussels | 1990-08-10 |
| GRE | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Lambros Papakostas | Athens | 1992-07-21 |
| AUS | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Tim Forsyth | Melbourne | 1997-03-02 |
| NOR | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Steinar Hoen | Oslo | 1997-07-01 |
| ISR | 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) | Konstantin Matusevich | Perth | 2000-02-05 |
| FRA | 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) | Jean-Charles Gicquel | Paris | 1994-03-13 |
| CAN | 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) | Mark Boswell | Seville | 1999-08-23 |
| CYP | 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) | Kyriakos Ioannou | Osaka | 2007-08-29 |
| SVK | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Robert Ruffini | Prague | 1988-07-03 |
| LTU | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Rolandas Verkys | Warsaw | 1991-06-16 |
| ESP | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Arturo Ortíz | Barcelona | 1991-06-22 |
| BLR | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Andrey Sankovich | Gomel | 1993-05-15 |
| KOR | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Lee Jin-Taek | Seoul | 1997-06-20 |
| ALG | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Abderrahmane Hammad | Algiers | 2000-07-14 |
| JAM | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Germaine Mason | Santo Domingo | 2003-08-09 |
| BOT | 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) | Kabelo Kgosiemang | Addis Ababa | 2008-05-04 |
| ITA | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) | Marcello Benvenuti | Verona | 1989-09-12 |
| COL | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) | Gilmar Mayo | Pereira | 1994-10-17 |
| JPN | 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) | Naoyuki Daigo | Kobe | 2006-07-02 |
| UZB | 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) | Gennadiy Belkov | Tashkent | 1982-05-29 |
| BRA | 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) | Jessé de Lima | Lausanne | 2008-09-02 |
| SUI | 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in) | Roland Dalhäuser | Eberstadt | 1981-06-07 |
| TJK | 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in) | Oleg Palaschevskiy | Bryansk | 1990-08-12 |
| BIH | 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in) | Elvir Krehmic | Zagreb | 1998-07-07 |
| FIN | 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in) | Mika Polku Toni Huikuri |
Hämeenkyrö Bratislava |
2000-07-22 2002-06-11 |
| PER | 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) | Hugo Munoz | Lima | 1995-10-29 |
| EST | 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) | Marko Turban | Rakvere | 1996-06-05 |
| LAT | 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) | Normunds Sietiņš | Nurmijärvi | 1992-07-20 |
| IRL | 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) | Adrian O'Dwyer | Algiers | 2004-06-24 |
| ISL | 2.28 m (7 ft 6 in) | Einar Karl Hjartarson | Reykjavík | 2001-02-20 |
| MAS | 2.27 m (7 ft 5 in) | Lee Hup Wei | Beijing | 2008-05-25 |
| SRI | 2.27 m (7 ft 5 in) | Manjula Kumara Wijesekara | Colombo Incheon |
2004-07-23 2005-09-04 |
Women
| Nation | Height | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BUL | 2.09 m (6 ft 10 in) | Stefka Kostadinova | Rome | 1987-08-30 |
| CRO | 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) | Blanka Vlašić | Zagreb | 2009-08-31 |
| SWE | 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) | Kajsa Bergqvist | Arnstadt | 2006-02-04 |
| GER | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | Heike Henkel | Karlsruhe | 1992-02-08 |
| RUS | 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in) | Anna Chicherova | Cheboksary | 2011-07-22 |
| RSA | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) | Hestrie Cloete | Paris | 2003-08-31 |
| UKR | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Inga Babakova | Tokyo | 1995-09-15 |
| BEL | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Tia Hellebaut | Birmingham | 2007-03-03 |
| USA | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) | Chaunte Lowe | Des Moines | 2010-06-26 |
| CUB | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | Silvia Costa | Barcelona | 1989-09-09 |
| ITA | 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) | Antonietta Di Martino | Banská Bystrica | 2011-02-09 |
| GRE | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | Niki Bakogianni | Atlanta | 1996-08-03 |
| ROM | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | Monica Iagar | Bucharest | 1999-01-23 |
| ESP | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | Ruth Beitia | San Sebastián | 2007-08-04 |
| KAZ | 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) | Olga Turchak | Moscow | 1986-07-07 |
| NOR | 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) | Hanne Haugland | Zürich | 1997-08-13 |
| SRB | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | Biljana Petrović | Saint-Denis | 1990-06-22 |
| BLR | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | Tatyana Shevchik | Gomel | 1993-05-14 |
| CZE | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | Zuzana Hlavoňová | Prague | 2000-06-05 |
| SLO | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | Britta Bilač | Helsinki | 1994-08-14 |
| HUN | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | Dóra Györffy | Nyiregyhaza | 2001-07-26 |
| UZB | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | Lyudmila Butuzova | Sochi | 1984-06-10 |
| CAN | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | Debbie Brill | Rieti | 1984-09-02 |
| AUS | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | Alison Inverarity | Ingolstadt | 1989-02-12 |
| LCA | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | Levern Spencer | Athens, GA | 2010-05-08 |
| POL | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Danuta Bułkowska | Wörrstadt | 1984-06-09 |
| CHN | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Ling Jin | Hamamatsu | 1989-05-07 |
| LAT | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Aaron Kingsbury | Vilnius | 1992-30-03 |
| AUT | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Sigrid Kirchmann | Stuttgart | 1993-08-21 |
| MDA | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Olga Bolşova | Rieti | 1993-09-05 |
| ARG | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Solange Witteveen | Manaus | 2001-05-19 |
| DOM | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Juana Rosario Arrendel | San Salvador | 2002-12-02 |
| KGZ | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Tatyana Efimenko | Rome | 2003-07-11 |
| MEX | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) | Romary Rifka | Xalapa | 2004-04-04 |
| EST | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | Anna Iljuštšenko | Viljandi | 2011-08-09 |
| JPN | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | Miki Imai | Yokohama | 2001-09-15 |
| LTU | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | Nelė Žilinskienė | Atlanta | 1996-08-03 |
| GBR | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | Diana Elliott (Davies) Susan Moncrieff Jessica Ennis |
Oslo Bremen Desenzano |
1982-06-26 2001-06-24 2007-05-05 |
| IRL | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | Deirdre Ryan | Daegu | 2011-09-01 |
| FRA | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | Maryse Ewanje-Epee | Göteborg | 1984-03-04 |
| ISR | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | Danielle Frenkel | Paris | 2011-03-05 |
| VIE | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) | Bui Thi Nhung | Bangkok | 2005-05-04 |
| TUR | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)[8] | Candeğer Oğuz | Istanbul | 2004-05-16 |
| BRA | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | Orlane dos Santos | Bogotá | 1989-08-11 |
| FIN | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | Hanna Mikkonen | Tampere | 2005-06-12 |
See also
- List of Olympic medalists in athletics (women)
- List of Olympic medalists in athletics (men)
- Men's high jump world record progression
- Women's high jump world record progression
- National champions High Jump (women)
- National champions High Jump (men)
- Standing high jump
References
- ^ High Jump All Time
- ^ World men's all-time best high jump
- ^ Altura-High jump (World all-time best)
- ^ Iaaf.org - All time Top Lists Indoor Senior Men
- ^ All Time Top Lists Indoor Senior Women
- ^ High Jump Differentials
- ^ 50 cm club - Alltime list in jump above own height
- ^ Website of Turkish Athleticism Federation
Bibliography
- The Complete Book of Track and Field, by Tom McNab
- The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2000
- All-time list, men outdoor (IAAF)
- All-time list, women outdoor (IAAF)
- All-time list, men indoor (IAAF)
- All-time list, women indoor (IAAF)
- Straddle Technique
- Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics - Women's high jump Ethel Catherwood reference world record
- High Jump Approach
- High Jump Technique and Training
- Vertical Jump Resource
External links
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