Turritella
Turritella is a genus of medium-sized sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turritellidae. They have tightly coiled shells, whose overall shape is basically that of an elongated cone.
The name Turritella comes from the Latin word turritus meaning "turreted" or "towered" and the diminutive suffix -ella.[3]
Species
Despite its name, “Turritella agate” is not made of fossil snails of the genus Turritella. This has been realized by professionals and many amateurs for a long time, but the name (and the confusion it promotes) have persisted. The snails are actually properly referred to as Elimia tenera, in the family Pleuroceridae. The rock in which they are so abundant varies from a soft sandstone to a dense chalcedony. It is this dense silicified rock that is so popular with gem and mineral hobbyists, and also with purveyors of "new age" ideas such as crystal healing.
Species within the genus Turritella include:
- Turritella conofasciata (Sacco 1895)[4]
- Turritella sedanensis (Martin 1905)[4]
- Turritella acropora (Dall, 1889)[5]
- Turritella albolapis Finlay, 1924[6]
- Turritella algida Melvill & Standen, 1912[7]
- Turritella anactor Berry, 1957[8]
- Turritella annulata Kiener, 1843[9]
- † Turritella apicalis - Pleistocene of Florida
- Turritella attenuata Reeve, 1849[10]
- Turritella auricincta Martens, 1875[11]
- Turritella aurocincta Martens, 1875[12]
- Turritella bacillum Kiener, 1843[13]
- † Turritella badensis - Tertiary of Denmark, Germany and Poland[14]
- Turritella banksii Gray in Reeve, 1849[15]
- Turritella bayeri Petuch, 2001[16]
- Turritella bicingulata Lamarck, 1822[17]
- Turritella broderipiana d'Orbigny, 1840[18]
- Turritella caelata Mörch in Dunker, 1858
- Turritella capensis (Krauss, 1848)[19]
- Turritella carinifera Lamarck, 1822[20]
- Turritella chordata Suter, 1908[21]
- Turritella chrysotoxa Tomlin, 1825[22]
- Turritella cingulata Sowerby, 1825
- Turritella cingulifera G.B. Sowerby I, 1825[23]
- Turritella clarionensis Hertlein & Strong, 1951[24]
- Turritella cochlea Reeve, 1849[25]
- Turritella columnaris Kiener, 1843[26]
- Turritella communis Risso, 1826[27]
- Turritella concava Martens, 1880[28]
- Turritella conspersa Adams & Reeve, 1850[29]
- Turritella cornea Lamarck, 1822[30]
- Turritella couteaudi Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889[31]
- Turritella crocea Kiener, 1843[32]
- † Turritella cruzadoi DeVries, 2007[33]
- Turritella decipiens Monterosato, 1878[34]
- Turritella dirkhartogensis (Garrard, 1972)[35]
- Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758)[36]
- Turritella dura Mörch, 1860[37]
- Turritella elachista Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889[38]
- Turritella exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)[39]
- Turritella fastigiata Adams & Reeve, 1850[40]
- Turritella ferruginea Reeve , 1849[41]
- Turritella fortilirata G. B. Sowerby III, 1914[42]
- Turritella fultoni Melvill & Standen, 1901[43]
- Turritella fuscomaculata Bozzetti, 2009[44]
- Turritella gemmata Reeve, 1849[45]
- Turritella gonostoma Valenciennes, 1832[46]
- Turritella gracillima Gould, 1860[47]
- Turritella hastula Reeve, 1849[48]
- Turritella hookeri Reeve, 1849[49]
- Turritella incisa Reeve, 1849[50]
- † Turritella incrassata - Pliocene of Belgium
- Turritella knysnaensis Krauss, 1848[51]
- Turritella leeuwinensis (Garrard, 1972)[52]
- Turritella lentiginosa Reeve, 1849[53]
- Turritella leucostoma Valenciennes, 1832[54]
- Turritella ligar Deshayes, 1843[55]
- Turritella lindae (Petuch, 1987)[56]
- Turritella lyonsi Garcia, 2006[57]
- Turritella maculata Reeve, 1849[58]
- Turritella marianopsis Petuch, 1990[59]
- Turritella monilifera Adams & Reeve, 1850[60]
- Turritella monterosatoi Kobelt, 1887[61]
- Turritella nebulosa Kiener, 1843[62]
- Turritella nodulosa King & Broderip, 1832[63]
- Turritella praetermissa (Dautzenberg, 1912)[64]
- Turritella punctata Kiener, 1843[65]
- Turritella radula Kiener, 1843[66]
- † Turritella riverae DeVries, 2007[33]
- Turritella rubescens Reeve, 1849[67]
- † Turritella salasi DeVries, 2007[33]
- Turritella sanguinea Reeve, 1849[68]
- † Turritella steiningeri Harzhauser, 2007[4]
- Turritella terebra (Linnaeus, 1758)[69]
- † Turritella terebralis Lamarck, 1799[70][71]
- Turritella torulosa Kiener, 1843[72]
- † Turritella trempina - Pliocene
- Turritella triplicata Philippi, 1836[73]
- Turritella turbona Monterosato, 1877[74]
- † Turritella turris - Early Miocene of Central Europe
- Turritella ungulina (Linnaeus, 1758)[75]
- Turritella variegata (Linnaeus, 1758)[76]
- Turritella vermicularis (Brocchi, 1814)[77]
- † Turritella vertebroides Morton, 1834[78] - Late Cretaceous of South of North America
- Turritella wareni Ryall & Vos, 2010[79]
- Turritella willetti McLean, 1970[80]
- Turritella yucatecana (Dall, 1881)[81]
- Species brought into synonymy
- Turritella (Torcula) Gray, 1847 : synonym of Turritella Lamarck, 1799
- Turritella acicula Stimpson, 1851: synonym of Turritellopsis stimpsoni (Dall, 1919)
- Turritella alternata Say, 1822 : synonym of Bittiolum alternatum (Say, 1822)
- Turritella aquila Reeve, 1849 : synonym of Turritella conspersa Adams & Reeve, 1850
- Turritella areolata Stimpson, 1851 : synonym of Tachyrhynchus reticulatus (Mighels & Adams, 1842)
- Turritella bicolor Adams & Reeve, 1850 : synonym of Turritella cingulifera G.B. Sowerby I, 1825
- Turritella brevialis Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of Mesalia brevialis (Lamarck, 1822)
- Turritella canaliculata Adams & Reeve, 1850 : synonym of Turritella cingulifera G.B. Sowerby I, 1825
- Turritella candida Reeve, 1849 : synonym of Turritella gemmata Reeve, 1849
- Turritella cingulata Sowerby, 1825[82] is a synonym of Incatella cingulata (Sowerby, 1825)[33]
- Turritella concava Say, 1826 : synonym of Terebra concava (Say, 1826)
- Turritella congelata Adams & Reeve, 1850 : synonym of Colpospira congelata (Adams & Reeve, 1850)
- Turritella costulata Mighels & Adams, 1842 : synonym of Acirsa borealis (Lyell, 1841)
- Turritella erosa Couthouy, 1838 : synonym of Tachyrhynchus erosus (Couthouy, 1838)
- Turritella eschrichti Hölböll in Möller, 1842 : synonym of Acirsa borealis (Lyell, 1841)
- Turritella flammulata Kiener, 1843-44 : synonym ofTurritella ligar Deshayes, 1843
- Turritella granosa Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 : synonym of Opalia granosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
- Turritella imbricata (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Turritella variegata (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Turritella lactea Möller, 1842 : synonym of Mesalia lactea (Möller, 1842)
- Turritella maiquetiana Weisbord, 1962 † : synonym of Turritella paraguanensis Hodson, 1926
- Turritella meta Reeve, 1849[83] : synonym of Turritella gemmata
- Turritella minuta Turton, 1932 : synonym of Teretianax minuta (Turton, 1932)
- Turritella monterosatoi Kobelt, 1887 : synonym of Turritella turbona Monterosato, 1877
- Turritella nzimaorum Ryall & Vos, 2010[84] : synonym of Turritella caelata Mörch in Dunker, 1858
- Turritella opalina Adams & Reeve, 1850 : synonym of Mesalia opalina (Adams & Reeve, 1850)
- Turritella opulenta Hedley, 1907 : synonym of Glyptozaria opulenta (Hedley, 1907)
- Turritella paraguanensis Hodson, 1926 : synonym of Turritella variegata (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Turritella philippi Aradas, 1842 : synonym of Acirsa subdecussata (Cantraine, 1835)
- Turritella polaris Möller, 1842 : synonym of Tachyrhynchus erosus (Couthouy, 1838)
- Turritella reticulata Mighels & Adams, 1842 : synonym of Tachyrhynchus reticulatus (Mighels & Adams, 1842)
- Turritella spirata Sowerby I, 1825 : synonym of Eglisia spirata (Sowerby I, 1825)
- Turritella symmetrica Hutton, 1873: synonym of Stiracolpus symmetricus (Hutton, 1873)
- Turritella trisulcata Lamarck, 1822[85] : synonym of Turritella vermicularis
- Turritella yucatecanum Dall, 1881 : synonym of Turritella yucatecana (Dall, 1881)
Fossil species
The genus is known from the Cretaceous to the recent periods.[86]
The shells are quite frequently found as fossils, and the carbonate stone made from large quantities of Turritella shells is often referred to as "Turritella limestone", or, if silicified, "Turritella agate". Both varieties of this stone are commonly sold as polished cabochons. One variety of "Turritella agate", that from the Green River Formation in Wyoming, does not in fact contain turritella, but instead has the shells of the freshwater gastropod Elimia tenera.
The Erminger Turritellenplatte ("Turritella plate of Ermingen") near Ulm, Germany[87] is a rocky outcrop situated in the northern part of the North Alpine Foreland Basin. It is famous for its superabundance of Turritella turris shells within its sediments[88] and dates from the Burdigalian.
References
- ^ Lamarck J.-B. (1799). Mém. Soc. Hist. nat. Paris, 74.
- ^ WoRMS : Turritella; accessed : 16 september 2010
- ^ Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1979.
- ^ a b c Harzhauser M. (2007). "Oligocene and Aquitanian gastropod faunas from the Sultanate of Oman and their biogeographic implications for the western Indo-Pacific". Palaeontographica Abteilung A 280: 75-121. PDF.
- ^ Turritella acropora (Dall, 1889). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419541 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella albolapis Finlay, 1924. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446533 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella algida Melvill & Standen, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=472990 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella anactor Berry, 1957. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446534 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella annulata Kiener, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446535 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella attenuata Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446536 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella auricincta Martens, 1875. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215159 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella aurocincta Martens, 1875. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446537 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella bacillum Kiener, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446538 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turitella badensis at the online fossil gallery of Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo
- ^ Turritella banksii Gray in Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446539 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella bayeri Petuch, 2001. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=472993 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella bicingulata Lamarck, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224616 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella broderipiana d'Orbigny, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446540 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella capensis (Krauss, 1848). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446541 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella carinifera Lamarck, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225207 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella chordata Suter, 1908. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446542 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella chrysotoxa Tomlin, 1825. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446543 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella cingulifera G.B. Sowerby I, 1825. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446545 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella clarionensis Hertlein & Strong, 1951. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446546 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella cochlea Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215158 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella columnaris Kiener, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215165 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella communis Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141872 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella concava Martens, 1880. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446547 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella conspersa Adams & Reeve, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446548 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella cornea Lamarck, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446549 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella couteaudi Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446550 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella crocea Kiener, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446551 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d DeVries T. J. (2007). "Cenozoic Turritellidae (Gastropoda) from southern Peru". Journal of Paleontology 81(2): 331-351. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[331:CTGFSP]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Turritella decipiens Monterosato, 1878. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141873 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella dirkhartogensis (Garrard, 1972). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446552 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215162 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella dura Mörch, 1860. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446553 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella elachista Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446554 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419542 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella fastigiata Adams & Reeve, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446555 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella ferruginea Reeve , 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446556 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella fortilirata G. B. Sowerby III, 1914. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446557 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella fultoni Melvill & Standen, 1901. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446558 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella fuscomaculata Bozzetti, 2009. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456994 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella gemmata Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225177 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella gonostoma Valenciennes, 1832. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446559 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella gracillima Gould, 1860. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215160 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella hastula Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446560 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella hookeri Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446561 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella incisa Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446562 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella knysnaensis Krauss, 1848. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446563 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella leeuwinensis (Garrard, 1972). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446564 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella lentiginosa Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446565 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella leucostoma Valenciennes, 1832. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446566 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella ligar Deshayes, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225179 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella lindae (Petuch, 1987). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419543 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella lyonsi Garcia, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=390253 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella maculata Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215157 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella marianopsis Petuch, 1990. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=472999 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella monilifera Adams & Reeve, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446567 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella monterosatoi Kobelt, 1887. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446568 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella nebulosa Kiener, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446569 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella nodulosa King & Broderip, 1832. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446570 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella praetermissa (Dautzenberg, 1912). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224240 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella punctata Kiener, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446573 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella radula Kiener, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446574 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella rubescens Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446575 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella sanguinea Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215161 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella terebra (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215163 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ "†Turritella terebralis Lamarck 1799 (turret shell)". The Paleobiology Database, accessed 40 January 2010.
- ^ (Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn V. & Mikuláš R. (1996). Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc. ISBN 80-7067-599-3.
- ^ Turritella torulosa Kiener, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215164 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella triplicata Philippi, 1836. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446576 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella turbona Monterosato, 1877. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141874 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella ungulina (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224241 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella variegata (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430319 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella vermicularis (Brocchi, 1814). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225181 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ "†Turritella vertebroides Morton 1834 (turret shell)". The Paleobiology Database, accessed 40 January 2010.
- ^ Turritella wareni Ryall & Vos, 2010. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446577 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella willetti McLean, 1970. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446578 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella yucatecana (Dall, 1881). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419544 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella cingulata Sowerby, 1825. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446544 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella meta Reeve, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224239 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ Turritella nzimaorum Ryall & Vos, 2010. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446571 on 19 May 2010.
- ^ "Haustator Montfort, 1810". OBIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database, accessed 10 January 2011.
- ^ Mayr H. (199). A Guide to Fossils. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
- ^ (German) Baier J. (2008). "Ein Beitrag zur Erminger Turritellenplatte (Mittlere Schwäbische Alb, SW-Deutschland)". ["Contribution on the Erminger Turritellenplatte"]. Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereines, Neue Folge, 90: 9-17. (with English abstract). HTML abstract
- ^ (German) Baier J. (2008). "Über die Tertiärbildungen im Ulmer Raum" ["On Tertiary structures in the Ulm region"]. Documenta Naturae 168: 1-32.