Haplogroup Q1a3a1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup Q1a3a1
Possible time of origin	10 to 15 thousand years ago
Possible place of origin	North America or possibly Siberia
Ancestor	Q1a3a [1]
Descendants	Q1a3a1a, Q1a3a1b, Q1a3a1c
Defining mutations	M3 (rs3894)

In human genetics, Haplogroup Q1a3a1 (Y-DNA) (phylogenetic name) and/or Q-M3 (mutational name) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup (Y-DNA).^[2] Haplogroup Q1a3a1 is a subclade of Haplogroup Q. Haplogroup Q1a3a1 was previously known as Haplogroup Q3.

Contents 1 Indigenous Amerindian sub-clade 2 Discovery of M3 3 Subgroups 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Indigenous Amerindian sub-clade

Haplogroup Q1a3a1 is one of the few Y Chromosome haplogroup strictly associated with the indigenous peoples of the Americas, along with haplogroup C3b-P39 which is almost exclusively found in North America. This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the rs3894 (M3) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The M3 SNP is found "downstream" from the M242 SNP. M242 is the defining SNP of the Q Haplogroup. M3 occurred on the Q lineage roughly 10-15 thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Discovery of M3

In 1996 Dr. Peter Underhill and his colleagues at Stanford University first discovered the SNP that was to become known as M3. Later studies completed the genetic bridge by determining that M3 was related to M242-bearing populations found predominately in Central Asia.^[3]

Subgroups

Populations carrying M3 are widespread throughout the Americas. Since the discovery of M3 several subclades of M3 bearing populations have been discovered in the Americas as well. An example is in South America where some populations have a high prevalence of SNP M19 which defines subclade Q1a3a1a. M19 has been detected in 59% of Amazonian Ticuna men and in 10% of Wayuu men.^[4] Subclades Q1a3a1a-c appears to be unique to South American populations and suggests that population isolation and perhaps even the establishment of tribes began soon after migration into the Americas.^[5]

The subclades of Haplogroup Q1a3a with their defining SNP's (in parenthesis):^[6]

• Q1a3a1 (M3) - Subclade associated with all Indigenous Americans. Origin: Siberia 15,000 years ago^[1][7]
  • Q1a3a1a (M19) - subclade found among Indigenous South Americas, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu.^[7] Origin: South America approximately 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.^[1]
  • Q1a3a1b (M194) - It has only been found in South American populations^[7]
  • Q1a3a1c (M199, P106, P292) - subclades that have only been found in South American populations^[1]

See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Haplogroup Q
• Haplogroup Q1a3

Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups

most recent common Y-ancestor

A

A1b

A1a-T

A1a

A2-T

A2

A3

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

G

H

IJK

IJ

K

I

J

LT

K(xLT)

L

T

M

NO

P

S

O

N

Q

R

Y-DNA by populations · Famous Y-DNA haplotypes

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q". Genebase Systems. 2009. http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTc2Nzc=.jpg?download=1. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 
2. ^ tutorial possible "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q". Wendy Tymchuk - Senior Technical Editor. Genebase Systems. 2008. http://www.genebase.com/learning/article/16 tutorial possible. Retrieved 2009-11-21. "Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendents of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present" 
3. ^ The Journey of Man, 2002. Spencer Wells. Pg. 137-138
4. ^ Ruiz-Linares, et al. 1999
5. ^ Bortolini, et al. 2003
6. ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy Tree 2010
7. ^ ^{a b c} (2003) "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas," (pdf) Maria-Catira Bortolini, Francisco M. Salzano

External links

• The Y-DNA Haplogroup Q1a3a American Indian Project
• The Y-DNA Haplogroup Q Project
• Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q