A handcar (also known as a pump trolley, pump car, jigger, Kalamazoo,[1] or draisine (powered or unpowered) in many other parts of the world) is a railroad car powered by its passengers, or by people pushing the car from behind. It is mostly used as a maintenance of way or mining car, but it was also used for passenger service in some cases. A typical design consists of an arm that pivots, seesaw-like, on a base, which the passengers alternately push down and pull up to move the car.
Handcars have been normally used by railway service personnel for railroad inspection and maintenance. Because of their low weight and small size, they can be put on and taken off the rails at any place, allowing trains to pass. Handcars have since been replaced by self propelled vehicles that do not require the use of manual power, instead relying on internal combustion engines or electricity to move the vehicle.
Handcars are nowadays used by handcar enthusiasts at vintage railroad events and for races between handcars driven by five person teams (one to push the car from a halt, four to pump the lever). One such race has been held in Santa Rosa, California since 2008 and other races are held in Australia. See the section on racing below.
Contents |
In Australia, hand cars or pump carts are commonly referred to as Kalamazoos after the Kalamazoo Manufacturing Company, which provided many examples to the Australian railway market.[1] Many Kalamazoos are preserved in Australia, some even being used for races.[2]
In Cambodia and other developing countries, local citizens sometimes make their own unofficial carts to transport goods along the railway tracks.
In Japan, dozens of commercially operated handcar railway lines, called human car tramway (人車軌道 jinsha kidō) or human car railway (人車鉄道 jinsha tetsudō) existed in early 20th century.[3] Those lines were purely built for its passenger/freight service, and "drivers" pushed small train cars all the way. The first line, Fujieda-Yaizu Tramway, opened in 1891, and most of the others opened before 1910. Most lines were very short with less than 10 km lengths, and the rail gauges used were either 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) or 2 ft (610 mm). As the human-powered system was fairly inefficient, many handcar tramways soon changed their power resources to either horse or gasoline. The system was not strong against a competition with other modes of transport, such as trucks, horses, buses, or other railways. Taishaku Handcar Tramway ceased its operation as early as 1912, and almost all the lines were already closed before 1945.
In Taiwan, commercially operated handcars were called either light railway line (Traditional Chinese: 輕便線; Hanyu Pinyin: qīngbiàn-xiàn), hand-pushed light railway line (手押輕便線; shǒuyā qīngbiàn-xiàn), hand-pushed tramway (手押軌道; shǒuyā guǐdào), or most commonly, hand-pushed wagon (手押臺車; shǒuyā táichē).[3] The first line was built in 1870s. The network developed later under Japanese rule. In 1933, its peak, there were more than 50 lines in the island with 1,292 km network, transporting local passengers, coals, factory products, sugars, salts, bananas, tea leaves, and others. Most lines, excluding those in mines and isolated islands, have disappeared after Japanese have left. However, a few lines survived well until 1970s. Currently, only the sightseeing line in Wūlái still exists, although its line is not human-powered anymore.
Starting in 2008, an annual handcar race, known as the Hand-car Regatta, has been held in the railyard in downtown Santa Rosa, California. [4]
A multi-faceted festival, it is centred in races of numerous widely varying human-powered vehicles operating on railroad tracks. These include traditional hand-powered carts and others powered by pedals or pushing.
Other races are held in Australia, some using preserved old handcars. See the reference above discussing Kalamazoos in Australia.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||