| Hamhŭng City | |
|---|---|
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 함흥시 |
| Hancha | 咸興市 |
| McCune–Reischauer | Hamhŭng-si |
| Revised Romanization | Hamheung-si |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 330 km2 (127.4 sq mi) |
| Population (2008) | 768,551 |
| Population density | 2,328.9/km2 (6,031.9/sq mi) |
| Government | Capital of South Hamgyŏng; former Directly Governed City* |
| Administrative divisions | Hŭngnam-kuyŏk |
| Region | Kwannam |
| Dialect | Hamgyŏng |
| Notes | |
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Hamhŭng (Hamhŭng-si; Korean pronunciation: [hamɣɯŋ-ɕi]) is North Korea's second largest city, and the capital of South Hamgyŏng Province. In late 2005, nearby Hŭngnam was made a ward (kuyŏk) within Hamhŭng-si.[1] It has a population of 768,551 as of 2008.[2]
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Hamhŭng is on the left branch of the Sŏngch'ŏn River, on the eastern part of the Hamhŭng plain (함흥평야), in South Hamgyŏng Province, northeast North Korea. The Tonghŭngsan is 319 m high.
Yi Sung-ke, founder of the Yi Dynasty, retired to the city after a successful palace coup by his son Yi Bang-won in 1400. Though his son sent envoys to reconcile, his father had them all killed. A modern Korean expression, King's envoy to Hamheung (Hamheungchasa), refers to a person who goes off on a journey but is never hear from again.[3]
The city was heavily destroyed (80–90%) during the Korean War. From 1955–1962, Hamhŭng was the object of a large-scale program of reconstruction and development by East Germany including the build-up of various construction-related industries and intense training measures for Korean construction workers, engineers, city planners and architects. The project ended two years earlier than scheduled and with a low profile because of the Sino-Soviet conflict and the opposing positions that North Korea and East Germany took on that issue.[4]
From 1960 to 1967, Hamhŭng was administered separately from South Hamgyŏng as a Directly Governed City (Chikhalsi), but before 1960, and since 1967, the city has been part of South Hamgyŏng Province.
In 1995, Hamhŭng witnessed, thus far, one of the only documented challenges to the North Korean government when famine-ravaged soldiers began a march toward Pyongyang. The revolt was quelled and the unit of soldiers was disbanded.
The North Korean famine of the 1990s appears to have had a disproportionate effect on the people of Hamhung. Andrew Natsios, a former aid worker, USAID Administrator, and author of The Great North Korean Famine, described Hamhung as "the city most devastated by [the] famine."[5] Contemporary published reports from The Washington Post[6] and Reuters[7] describe the presence of numerous fresh graves on the surrounding hillsides, and report that many of Hamhung's children were stunted by malnutrition. One survivor claimed that more than 10% of the city's population died, with another 10% fleeing the city in search of food.[8] Despite previously being closed to foreigners, foreign nationals can now travel to Hamhung through the few approved North Korean tour operators."[9]
There is speculation that Hamhung, with its high proportion of chemists and the site of a chemical-industrial complex built by the Japanese during World War II, is the center for North Korea's methamphetamine production.[10]
Hamhŭng is an important chemical industry center in the DPRK. It is an industrial city which serves as a major port for North Korean foreign trade. Production includes textiles (particularly vinalon), metalware, machinery, refined oil and processed food. It is also North Korea's largest center of methamphetamine (called philopon in North Korea) production both for export and illicitly for internal consumption.[11]
The city is a transportation hub, connecting various eastern ports and the northern interior area. Hamhung Station is on the Pyongra Line railway.
It has a national museum and a branch academy of science.
Hamhŭng is home to the Hamhŭng University of Education, Hamhŭng University of Pharmacy, Hamhŭng University of Chemistry and Hamhŭng University of Medicine. Professional colleges in Hamhǔng include the Hamhǔng College of Quality Control, the Hamhŭng Hydrographic and Power College, and the Hamhǔng College of Electronics and Automation.
Hamhŭng also hosts the Hamhŭng Grand Theatre the largest theatre in North Korea.
Hamhŭng is famous for its naengmyŏn.
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