| Subdivisions of the Quaternary Period | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| System | Series | Stage | Age (Ma) |
| Quaternary | Holocene | 0–0.0117 | |
| Pleistocene | Tarantian (Upper) | 0.0117–0.126 | |
| Ionian (Middle) | 0.126–0.781 | ||
| Calabrian (Lower) | 0.781–1.806 | ||
| Gelasian (Lower) | 1.806–2.588 | ||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | older |
| In Europe and North America, the Holocene is subdivided into Preboreal, Boreal, Atlantic, Subboreal, and Subatlantic stages of the Blytt-Sernander time scale. There are many regional subdivisions for the Upper or Late Pleistocene, usually these represent locally recognized cold (glacial) and warm (interglacial) periods. The last glacial period ends with the cold Younger Dryas substage. | |||
The Hamburg culture (13,500-11,100 BC) was a Late Upper Paleolithic culture of reindeer hunters in northwestern Europe during the last part of the Weichsel Glaciation and beginning of the Meiendorf Interstadial. Sites are found close to the ice caps of the time.[1]
The Hamburg Culture has been identified at many places, for example, the settlement at Meiendorf and Ahrensburg[2] north of Hamburg, Germany. It is characterized by shouldered points and zinken tools, which were used as chisels when working with horns. In later periods tanged Havelte-type points appear, sometimes described as most of all a northwestern phenomenon. Notwithstanding the spread over a large geographical area in which a homogeneous development is not to be expected, the definition of the Hamburgian as a technological complex of its own has not recently been questioned.[1]
The culture spread from northern France to southern Scandinavia in the north and to Poland in the east.
In the early 1980s, the first find from the culture in Scandinavia was excavated at Jels in Sønderjylland. Recently, new finds have been discovered at, for example, Finja in northern Skåne. The latest findings (2005) have shown that these people traveled far north along the Norwegian coast dryshod during the summer, since the sea level was 50m lower than today.
In northern Germany, camps with layers of detritus have been found. In the layers, there is a great deal of horn and bone, and it appears that the reindeer was an important prey.
The distribution of the finds in the settlements show that the settlements were small and only inhabited by a small group of people. At a few settlements, archaeologists have discovered circles of stones, interpreted as weights for a teepee covering.