Buk missile system

9K37 Buk
NATO reporting name:
SA-11 Gadfly, SA-17 Grizzly

9K37 Buk ready to fire
Type Medium range SAM system
Place of origin  Soviet Union
Service history
In service 1979- present
Used by See list of present and former operators
Wars See combat service
Production history
Designer Almaz-Antey:
Tikhomirov NIIP (lead designer)
Lyulev Novator (SA missile designer)
MNIIRE Altair (naval version designer)
NIIIP (surveillance radar designer)
DNPP (missiles)
UMZ (TELARs)
MZiK (TELs)[1]

MMZ (GM chassis)
Variants 9K37, 9K37M, 9K37M1, 9K37M1-2, 9K37M1-2A, 9K37M2, 9K37M3
naval: 3S90 (M-22), 3S90M

The Buk missile system (Russian: "Бук"; English: beech) is a family of self-propelled, medium-range surface-to-air missile systems developed by the former Soviet Union and Russian Federation and designed to engage cruise missiles, smart bombs, fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles.[2]

The Buk missile system is the successor to the NIIP/Vympel 2K12 Kub (NATO reporting name SA-6 "Gainful").[3] The first version of Buk adopted into service carried the GRAU designation 9K37 and was identified in the west with the NATO reporting name "Gadfly" as well as the US Department of Defense designation SA-11. Since its initial introduction into service the Buk missile system has been continually upgraded and refined with the latest incarnation carrying the designation 9K37M2 "Buk-M2".[4]

Contents

Development

Development of the 9K37 "Buk" was started on the January 17, 1972 at the request of the Central Committee of the CPSU.[5] The development team comprised many of the same institutions that had been responsible for the development of the previous 2K12 "Kub" (NATO reporting name "Gainful", SA-6). These included the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP) as the lead designer and the Novator design bureau who were responsible for the development of the missile armament.[5] In addition to the land based missile system a similar system was to be produced for the naval forces, the result being the 3S90 "Uragan" (Russian: "Ураган"; English: hurricane) which also carries the SA-N-7 and "Gadfly" designations.[6]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kub Kvadrat
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kub-M1
 
 Kub-M
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kub-M3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kub-M4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Buk
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uragan Shtil
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Buk-M1
 
 
 Buk-1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Buk-M1-2 Gang
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buk-M2 Ural Buk-M2E Buk-M2EK
 
 
 
 
 
 Ezh
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buk-M1-2A Buk-M3
 
 
 
 Export Version
 
 Russian Version
 
 Smerch Shtil-1
 

The Buk missile system was designed to surpass the 2K12 Kub in all parameters and its designers including its chief designer Ardalion Rastov visited Egypt in 1971 to see Kub in operation.[7] Both the Kub and Buk used self-propelled launchers developed by Ardalion Rastov. As a result of this visit the developers came to the conclusion that each Buk transporter erector launcher (TEL) should have its own fire control radar rather than being reliant on one central radar for the whole system as in Kub.[7] The result of this move from TEL to transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) was a system able to engage multiple targets from multiple directions at the same time.

During development in 1974 it was identified that although the Buk missile system is the successor to the Kub missile system both systems could share some interoperability, the result of this decision was the 9K37-1 Buk-1 system.[5] The advantage of interoperability between Buk TELAR and Kub TEL was an increase in the number of fire control channels and available missiles for each system as well as a faster service entry for Buk system components. The Buk-1 was adopted into service in 1978 following completion of state trials while the complete Buk missile system was accepted into service in 1980[7] after state trials took place between 1977 and 1979.[5]

External images
Photo of TELAR 9A38, Buk vehicle, based on Kub components
Photo of TELAR 9A38, Buk vehicle, based on Kub components (sideview)

The naval variant of the 9K37 "Buk", the 3S-90 "Uragan" was developed by the Altair design bureau under the direction of chief designer G.N. Volgin.[8] The 3S-90 used the same 9M38 missile as the 9K37 though the launcher and associated guidance radars were exchanged for naval variants. The system was tested between 1974-1976 using a project 61 large anti-submarine ship, 3S-90 being accepted into service in 1983 equipping the project 956 "sovremmeny" class of destroyers.[8]

No sooner than the 9K37 "Buk" had started to enter service than the next phase of its development was put into operation, in 1979 the Central Committee of the CPSU authorised the development of a modernised 9K37 which would become the 9K37M1 Buk-M1, adopted into service in 1983.[5] The modernisation improved the performance of the systems radars, kill probability and resistance to electronic countermeasures (ECM). Additionally a non-cooperative threat classification system was installed, allowing targets to be classified without IFF via analysis of return radar signals.[7] The export version of Buk-M1 missile system is known as "Gang" (Russian: "Ганг"; English: Ganges) .

Another modification to the Buk missile system was started in 1992 with work carried out between 1994 and 1997 to produce the 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2,[5] which was accepted into service in 1998.[9] This modification introduced a new missile, the 9M317 which offered improved kinematic performance over the previous 9M38 which could still be used by the Buk-M1-2. Such sharing of the missile type caused a transition to a different GRAU designations - 9K317 which has been used independently for all later systems. The previous 9K37 series name was also preserved for the complex as was the "Buk" name. The new missile as well as a variety of other improvements allowed the system to intercept ballistic missiles and surface targets as well as offering improved performance and engagement envelope against more traditional targets like aircraft and helicopters.[5] The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 also received a new NATO reporting name distinguishing it from previous generations of the Buk system, this new reporting name was the SA-17 Grizzly. The export version of the 9K37M1-2 system is called 9K40 "Ural" (Russian: "Урал")

The introduction of the 9K37M1-2 system for the land forces also marked the introduction of a new naval variant, the "Ezh" which carries the NATO reporting name SA-N-7B 'Grizzly' (9M317 missile) and was exported under the name "Shtil" and carries a NATO reporting name of SA-N-7C 'Gollum' (9M317E missile), according to Jane's catalogue.[6] The 9K37 incorporates the 9M317 missile to replace the 9M38 used by the previous system. A further advancement of the system was unveiled as a concept at EURONAVAL 2004, a vertical launch variant of the 9M317, the 9M317ME, which is expected to be exported under the name 3S90E "Shtil-1". Jane's also reported that in the Russian forces it would have a name of 3S90M "Smerch" (Russian: "Смерч", English translation: 'tornado').[8][10][11]

The Buk-M1-2 modernisation was based on a previous far more advanced developmental system referred to as the 9K37M2 Buk-M2.[5] This modernisation not only featured new missiles but also included a new third generation phased array fire control radar allowing engagement of up to four targets while tracking a further 24. A new radar system was also developed which carried a fire control radar on a 24 meter extending boom, improving performance against targets flying at low altitude.[12] This new generation of Buk missile systems was stalled due to the poor economic conditions after the fall of the Soviet Union, however the system was recently presented as a static display at 2007 MAKS Airshow. The export version of the Buk-M2 missile system Buk-M2E is also known as Ural (Russian: Урал; English: Ural) .

In October 2007, Russian General Nikolaï Frolov, commander of the Ground Forces' air defense, declared that the Russian Army would receive the brand-new Buk-M3 to replace the Buk-M1. He stipulated that the M3 would feature advanced electronic components and enter in service in 2009.[13]

Description

A standard Buk battalion consists of a command vehicle, target acquisition radar (TAR), six transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) and three transporter erector launcher reloads. A Buk missile battery consists of two TELAR and one TEL vehicle. The battery requires 5 minutes to set up before it is ready for engagement and can be ready for transit again in 5 minutes. The reaction time of the battery from target tracking to missile launch is around 22 seconds.

The Buk-M1-2 TELAR uses the GM-569 chassis designed and produced by JSC Metrowagonmash (former MMZ)[14] onto which is mounted a turret containing the fire control radar of the TELAR at the front and a launcher with four ready to fire missiles on top. Each TELAR is operated by a crew of 3 and is equipped with NBC protection. The radar fitted to each TELAR is referred to as the 'Fire Dome' by NATO, it is a monopulse type radar and can begin tracking at the missile's maximum range (32 km/20 mi) and can track aircraft flying at between 15,000 and 22,000 m (50,000 to 72,000 ft) altitudes. It can guide up to three missiles against a single target. The 9K37 system supposedly has much better ECCM characteristics (i.e. is more resistant to ECM/jamming) than the 3M9 Kub system that it replaces. An optical tracking system with laser rangefinder can be fitted for passive tracking of the target. The 9K37 system can also utilise the same 1S91 Straight Flush 25 kW G/H band continuous wave radar as the 3M9 Kub system.

The 9K37 utilises the 9S18 "Tube Arm" or 9S18M1 (which carries the NATO reporting name "Snow Drift") (Russian: СОЦ 9C18 "Купол"; English: dome) target acquisition radar in combination with the 9S35 or 9S35M1 "Fire Dome" H/I band tracking and engagement radar which is mounted on each TELAR. The Snow Drift target acquisition radar has a maximum detection range of 85 km (53 mi) and can detect an aircraft flying at 100 m (330 ft) from 35 km (22 mi) away and even lower flying targets at ranges of around 10–20 km (6-12 mi). Snow Drift is mounted on a chassis similar to that of the TELAR, as is the command vehicle. The control post which coordinates communications between the surveillance radar(s) and the launchers is able to communicate with up to six TELs at once.

The TEL reload vehicle for the Buk battery resembles the TELAR but instead of a radar they have a crane for loading missiles. They are capable of launching missiles directly but require the cooperation of a Fire Dome-equipped TELAR for missile guidance. A reload vehicle can transfer its missiles to a TELAR in around 13 minutes and can reload itself from stores in around 15 minutes.

All vehicles of Buk-M1 (Buk-M1-2) missile system uses an Argon-15A computer as Zaslon radar does (the first airborne digital computer designed in 1972 by the Soviet Research Institute of Computer Engineering (NICEVT, currently NII Argon) and produced at "Kishinev plant of 50 Years of USSR".[15][16] The vehicles of Buk-M2 (Buk-M2E) missile system uses a slightly upgraded version of Argon-A15K. This processors also used in such military systems as anti-submarine defense Korshun and Sova, airborne radars for MiG-31 and MiG-33, mobile tactical missile systems Tochka, Oka and Volga. Currently, Argons are upgraded into Baget series of processors by NIIP.

3S90 "Uragan"

The 3S90 "Uragan" (Russian: Ураган; English: hurricane) is the naval variant of the 9K37 "Buk" and has the NATO reporting name "Gadfly" and US DoD designation SA-N-7, it also carries the designation M-22. The export version of this system is known as "Shtil" (Russian: Штиль; English: still). The 9М38 missiles from the 9K37 "Buk" are also used on the 3S90 "Uragan". The launch system is different with missiles being loaded vertically onto a single arm trainable launcher, this launcher is replenished from an under-deck magazine with a 24 round capacity, loading takes 12 seconds to accomplish.[8] The Uragan utilises the MR-750 Top Steer D/E band as a target acquisition radar (naval analogue of the 9S18 or 9S18M1) which has a maximum detection range of 300 km (190 mi) depending on the variant. The radar performing the role of the 9S35 the 3R90 Front Dome H/I band tracking and engagement radar with a maximum range of 30 km (19 mi).

3S90 "Ezh"

The modernised version of the 3S90 the 9K37M1-2 (or 9K37M2E) "Ezh" which carries the NATO reporting name "Grizzly" or SA-N-12 and the export designation "Shtil" was developed which uses the new 9M317 missile. This variant was supposed to be installed on Soviet Ulyanovsk-class nuclear aircraft carriers, and has been retrofitted to the Sovremenny class destroyers..

In 1997, India signed a contract for the three Project 1135.6 frigates with "Shtil". Later the decision was made to modernize it with the a new hardware and new missiles, name changed to "Shtil-1".

3S90M "Shtil-1"

In 2004 the first demonstration module of the new 9M317ME missile was presented by Dolgoprudniy Scientific and Production Plant for the upgraded 3S90M "Shtil-1" naval missile system (jointly with 'Altair'). Designed primary for the export purpose it's latest variant used a vertical launch missile which is fired from under-deck silos clustered into groups of twelve, twenty-four or thirty-six. First Shtil-1 systems were installed into ships exported to India and China.[17][18] Old systems Uragan, Ezh and Shtil could be upgraded to Shtil-1 by replacing the launcher module inside the ship.

Missiles

9М38

Comparison of 9M38M1 and 9M317 surface-to-air missiles of the Buk missile system
Type Surface-to-air missile
Place of origin  Soviet Union
Production history
Variants 9М38, 9М38M1, 9M317
Specifications (9М38, 9M317)
Weight 690 kg, 715 kg
Length 5.55 m
Diameter 0.4 m (wingspan 0.86 m)
Warhead Frag-HE
Warhead weight 70 kg
Detonation
mechanism		 Radar proximity fuse
Propellant solid propellant rocket
Operational
range		 30 kilometres (19 mi)
Flight altitude 14,000 metres (46,000 ft)
Speed Mach 3
Guidance
system		 Semi-active radar homing
Launch
platform		 see structure

9М38 and 9М38M1 missile

The 9M38 uses a single stage X-winged design without any detachable parts, its exterior design is similar to the American Tartar and Standard surface-to-air missile series, which lead to half-serious nickname of Standardski. The design had to conform to strict naval dimension limitations, allowing the missile to be adapted for the M-22 SAM system in the Soviet Navy. Each missile is 5.55 m (18 feet) long, weighs 690 kg (1521 lb) and carries a relatively large 70 kg (154 lb) warhead which is triggered by a radar proximity fuze. In the forward compartment of the missile a semi-active homing radar head (9E50, Russian: 9Э50, 9Э50М1), autopilot equipment, power source and a warhead is located. The homing method chosen was proportional navigation. Some elements of the missile were compatible with the Kub's 3M9, for example it is forward compartment diameter (33 cm), which was lesser than the backward compartment diameter.

The 9M38 surface-to-air missile utilizes a two-mode solid fuel rocket engine with total burn time of about 15 seconds, the combustion chamber is reinforced by metal. For the purpose of reducing the centering dispersion while in flight the combustion chamber is located close to the center of the missile and includes a longer gas pipe. Rejection of a direct-flow engine type was explained by its instability on a large angle of attack and by a larger air resistance on a passive trajectory section as well as by some technical difficulties. Those difficulties already wrecked the plans to create the missile for Kub. The design of 9M38 ensures its readiness without inspection for at least 10 years of service and is delivered to the army in the 9Ya266 (9Я266) transport container.

It has been suggested that the Novator KS-172 AAM-L, an extremely long range air-to-air missile and possible anti-satellite weapon, is a derivative of the 9M38.

9M317 missile

The 9M317 exterior design bears a resemblance to the Vympel R-37 air-to-air missile.

9M317 missile was developed as a common missile for the Ground Forces PVO (Buk-M1-2) as well as for ship-based PVO of the Russian Navy (Ezh)

The unified multi-functional missile 9M317 (export designation 9M317E) can be used to engage modern and perspective aerodynamic, ballistic, above-water and radiocontrast targets with the air defence complexes of land and naval forces. It was designed by OJSC Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant (DNPP) and passed the full cycle of ground and flight testing on different complexes and weapon systems. Testing included targets analogues of tactical ballistic missiles, strategic cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, tactical, strategic and army aircraft and helicopters. The maximum engagable target speed was 1200 m/s, the missile could tolerate an acceleration overload of 24G. Missile was first used with Buk-M1-2 system of the land forces and the Shtil-1 system of the naval forces.

It may engage the tactical ballistic missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft manoeuvring up to 12G, cruise missiles, fire support helicopters (including hovering low above the ground), remotely controlled aircraft, anti-ship missiles in a heavy anti-radiation environment and radiocontrast targets above water and above the ground.

In comparison with 9M38M1, the 9M317 missile has a larger defeat area, which is up to 45 km of range and 25 km of altitude and of lateral parameter, and a larger target classification. On the outer view 9M317 differs from 9M38M1 by a smaller wing chord. It uses the inertial correction control system with semi-active radar homing, utilizing the proportional navigation (PN) targeting method.

Semi-active homing radar head of a missile (9E420, Russian: 9Э420) as well as 9E50 for 9M38M1 missile and 1SB4 for Kub missile (Russian: 1СБ4) was designed by MNII Agate (Zhukovskiy) and manufactured by MMZ at Ioshkar-Ola.

9M317M and 9M317A missile projects

Currently, several modernized versions are in development, including the 9M317M, it is export version the 9M317ME and the active radar homing (ARH) missile project 9M317A with its export version the 9M317MAE. They were scheduled for completion in two years since May 2007.[19] The lead developer, NIIP also reported about the 9M317A missile testing within Buk-M1-2A "OKR Vskhod" (Sprout in English) program in 2005.[20] Range is reported as being up to 50 km (31 mi), maximum altitude around 25 km (82,000 ft) and maximum target speed around Mach 4. The weight of the missile has increased slightly to 720 kg (1587 lb).

9M317ME missile

The weight of the missile is 581 kg, including the 62 kg blast fragmentation warhead initiated by a dual-mode radar proximity fuze. Dimensions of the hull are 5.18 m length; 0.36 m maximum diameter. Range is 2.5 – 32 km in a 3S90M "Shtil-1" naval missile system. Altitude of targets from 15 m up to 15 km (and from 10 m to 10 km against other missiles). The 9M317ME missiles can be fired at 2 second intervals, while it's reaction (readiness) time is up to 10 s.

Missile was designed to be single-staged, semi-active radio command radar homing with inertial guidance.[17]

The tail surfaces have a span of 0.82m when deployed after the missile leaves the launch container by a spring mechanism. Four gas-control vanes operating in the motor efflux turn the missile towards the required direction of flight. After the turnover manoeuvre they are no longer used and subsequent flight controlled via moving tail surfaces. A dual-mode solid-propellant rocket motor provides the missile with a maximum speed of Mach 4.5. [21]

Comparison

Missile
(GRAU designation)		 3M9 9М38 9М38
9М38M1		 9М38
9М38M1
9М38M2/9M317		 9M317 9M317ME
Complex
(GRAU and NATO designation)		 2K12 "Kub"
(SA-6)		 9K37
"Buk"
(SA-11)		 9K37M
"Buk-M1"
(SA-11)		 9K37M1-2
"Buk-M1-2"
(SA-17)		 9K37M2E
"Buk-M2E" [22]
(SA-17)		 3S90M/3S90E
"Smerch"/"Shtil-1" [17]
(SA-N-12)
Introduced 1966 1980 1984 1998 2007 2004
Missiles per TEL 3 4 4 4 4 12/24/36
Missile Weight 599 kg
(1321 lb)		 690 kg
(1521 lb)		 690 kg
(1521 lb)		 9М38M1: - 690 kg
(1521 lb);
9M317: - 710–720 kg
(1565-1587 lb)		 710–720 kg
(1565-1587 lb)		 581 kg
Engagement range 3–24 km
(2–15 miles)		 4–30 km
(3–19 miles)		 3–35 km
(2–22 miles)		 9М38M1: - 3–42 km
(2–26 miles);
9M317: 3–50 km
(2–31 miles)		 3–50 km
(2–31 miles)		 2.5–32 km
(against anti-ship missiles up to 12 km)
Engagement altitude 800–11000 m
(2,600-36,000 ft)		 30–14000 m
(100-46,000 ft)		 30–22000 m
(100-72,000 ft)		 30–25000 m
(100-82,000 ft)		 25–25000 m
(100-82,000 ft)		 15–15000 m
Missile speed
(Mach)		 2.8 3 3 3 4 4.5
Maximum target
speed (Mach)		 2 2.5 4 4 4  ?
Maximum
Maneuverability (G)		  ?  ? 20  ?  ?  ?
Simultaneous
engagements		 1 2 6 6[23] 6[23] 4

Other variants

Structure

Composition
Complex
(GRAU and NATO designation)		 9K37
"Buk"
(SA-11)		 9K37-1
"Buk-1"
(SA-11)		 9K37M1
"Buk-M1"
(SA-11)		 9K37M1-2
"Buk-M1-2"
(SA-17)		 9K37M2E
"Buk-M2E" (?)
Command Post 9S470 N/A 9S470M1 9S470M1-2 9S510
Surveillance Radar
(SURN, SOTs or TAR)		 9S18 Kupol 1S91M3 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 9S18М1-1 9S112,
9S36
TELAR 9А310,
9А38		 9A38 9A310M1 9A310M1-2 9A317
TEL 9А39 2P25M3 9A39M1 9A39M1,
9A39M1-2		 9A316

9K37 Buk

2K12M4 Kub-M4 (9K37-1 Buk-1)

9K37M1 Buk-M1 (Ganges)

Technical service division

9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 (Ural)

A command post vehicle 9S470M1-2 may take control over 4 batteries, each has 1 TELAR 9A310M1-2 with 1 x TEL 9A39M1/9A39M1-2 or 2 batteries, each has 1 target acquisition radar 9S18М1-1 and 2 x TELs 9A39M1

Additionally, the TELAR 9A310M1-2 may take control over the Kub vehicles - just the TEL 2P25 or the SURN 1S91 with a TEL 2P25.

Technical service division

9K37M2/9K317 Buk-M2

There was an experimental 9А320 TEL (with 8 missiles).

Some works were conducted to utilize a wheeled vehicles for Buk-M2-1 on a KrAZ-260 chassis, but they were not completed. Proposed structure of Buk-M2-1 was the 9S512 CP, 9S112-1 TAR, 9S36-1 TAR and 9А318 TEL with 8 missiles.[31]

Service

Operators

Former Operators

Operational service

In 1996 Finland started operating the eighteen missile systems that they received from Russia as debt payment.[37] According to Suomen Kuvalehti, Finland is planning to accelerate the replacement of the missile system due to concerns about its susceptibility to electronic warfare,.[38]

Combat service

Abkhaz authorities claimed that Buk air defense system was used to shoot down four Georgian drones at the beginning of May 2008.[39]

Analysts stipulated that Georgian Buk and Tor missile systems were responsible for downing four Russian aircraft—three Sukhoi Su-25s close air support aircraft and a Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber—in the 2008 South Ossetia war.[40][41] U.S. officials have said Georgia's SA-11 Buk-1M was certainly the cause of the Tu-22M's loss and contributed to the losses of the three Su-25s.[42] According to some analysts, the loss of four aircraft is surprising and a heavy toll for Russia given the small size of Georgia's military.[43][44] Some have also pointed out, that Russian electronic counter-measures systems were apparently unable to jam and suppress enemy SAMs in the conflict[45] and that Russia was, surprisingly, unable to come up with effective countermeasures against missile systems it had designed.[41]

Georgia bought these missile systems from Ukraine which had an inquiry to identify if the purchase was illegal.[46]

References

  1. ^ "Big Russian flotilla led by Admiral Kuznetsov carrier heads for Syrian port". DEBKAfile. August 21, 2008. http://www.debka.com/article/7813. Retrieved 2010-03-23. 
  2. ^ "Russian mobile surface-to-air missile systems". RIA Novosti. 2007-02-08. http://en.rian.ru/photolents/20070208/60402179.html. Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
  3. ^ "What the Russian papers say". RIA Novosti. 2007-08-28. http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20070828/75430414.html. Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
  4. ^ a b "Russia to exhibit Buk-M2 air defense system at LAAD 2007". RIA Novosti. 2007-04-17. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070417/63769254.html. Retrieved 2008-08-20. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "(Russian) 9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly)". Vestnik PVO. 2004-11-17. http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-20. 
  6. ^ a b "SA-N-7 'Gadfly' (3K90 M-22 Uragan/Shtil)/SA-N-7B 'Grizzly' (9K37 Ezh/Shtil-1)/SA-N-7C 'Gollum'(9M317E) (Russian Federation), Surface-to-air missiles". Jane's Naval Weapon Systems. Jun 25, 2010. http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Naval-Weapon-Systems/SA-N7-Gadfly-3K90-M-22-Uragan-ShtilSA-N7B-Grizzly-9K37-Ezh-Shtil-1SA-N7C-Gollum9M317E-Russian-Federation.html. Retrieved Aug 21, 2011. 
  7. ^ a b c d "Chief Designer Ardalion Rastov". Military Parade. 1998-08-31. http://milparade.udm.ru/27/126.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  8. ^ a b c d "(Russian) M-22 Uragan (SA-N-7 Gadfly)". Vestnik PVO (pvo.guns.ru). 2004-11-17. http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-17. 
  9. ^ "Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Бук-М1-2"". OJSC NIIP (Russian). 2005. http://www.niip.ru/main.php?page=raz_land_bukm. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  10. ^ "Smerch/Shtil-1/-2 (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') (Russian Federation), Defensive weapons". Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems. Feb 11, 2010. http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Smerch-Shtil-12-SA-N12-Grizzly-Russian-Federation.html. Retrieved Aug 21, 2011. 
  11. ^ "Smerch/Shtil-1/-2 (SA-N-7B/C or SA-N-12 'Grizzly') (Russian Federation), Defensive weapons". Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems. Mar 11, 2011. http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Smerch-Shtil-12-SA-N7B-C-or-SA-N12-Grizzly-Russian-Federation.html. Retrieved Aug 21, 2011. 
  12. ^ "Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Бук-М2Э"". OJSC NIIP (Russian). 2005. http://www.niip.ru/main.php?page=raz_land_ural. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  13. ^ "Russia to boost Ground Forces air defense - commander". RIA Novosti. 2007-09-21. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070921/80321941.html. Retrieved 2008-11-19. 
  14. ^ ""Buk-M1-2" with the chassis Gm-569.". METROWAGONMASH. 2006-08-11. http://www.metrowagonmash.ru/english/gm596.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-17. 
  15. ^ Zaslon radar at MiG Design Bureau extra web-site
  16. ^ Argon-15 at www.computer-museum.ru
  17. ^ a b c (Russian) Russian Anti-Aircraft Missiles & Systems by Peter F. Berezovsky
  18. ^ Russia moves to vertical-launch Shtil by Miroslav Gyürösi, Jane's Missiles and Rockets, Nov 18, 2004
  19. ^ (Russian) Отчет ОАО «Долгопрудненское научно-производственное предприятие» об итогах работы в 2006 году (Financing statement of the OJSC Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant about the balance of the work in 2006, Affirmed by the Board of Directors Protocol No. 14), May 23, 2007
  20. ^ (Russian) Годовой отчет «ОАО НИИ Приборостроения им. В.В. Тихомирова» за 2005 год (Annual statement of the OJSC Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design in 2005)
  21. ^ Batch 2 Of Three Project 1135.6 Frigates Being Readied, Pakistan Defence, Apr 14, 2011
  22. ^ Russia forces USA out from its traditional arms markets - Pravda.Ru
  23. ^ a b in any direction
  24. ^ Army prepares to test upgraded BUK missile system, Charter'97, 11.10.2005
  25. ^ Russia celebrates the Day of military drivers, May 29, 2010 (Russian)
  26. ^ Russia to boost Ground Forces air defense - commander, RIAN, 21.09.2007
  27. ^ Type 054A (Jiangkai-II Class) Missile Frigate at SinoDefence.com. Last update: 7 March 2009
  28. ^ Annual Report on the Military Power of the People's Republic of China, DoD Report to Congress, June 2000
  29. ^ M109 - 155 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer at Pakistan Military Consortium
  30. ^ page 37, M109 155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer 1960-2005 by Steven J. Zaloga, Osprey Publishing, 2005
  31. ^ (Russian) History of the testings on Emba firing range
  32. ^ a b c "Tikhomirov Instrument Research Institute 9K37 Buk (SA-11 'Gadfly') low to high-altitude surface-to-air missile system". Jane's Information Group. 2008-03-20. http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jlad/jlad0109.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-04. 
  33. ^ http://www.kommersant.com/p718548/r_527/Egypt_arms_trade/
  34. ^ Армия Ким Чен Ира, Анатолий Цыганок. ПОЛИТ.РУ, October 16, 2006
  35. ^ New HQ-16 surface to air missile ready for action: PLA, China Military News, September 28, 2011
  36. ^ a b "9K37 Buk". Jane's Information Group. 2008-11-17. http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jlad/jlad0109.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-19. 
  37. ^ Video of Buk firing, Finnish Defence Forces website
  38. ^ Suomen Kuvalehti Pääkaupunkiseudun ilmasuojassa paljastui aukko
  39. ^ SA-11 'Gadfly' Used to Down Georgian Drones - Abkhaz FM, Civil Georgia, 2008.05.06
  40. ^ War Reveals Russia's Military Might and Weakness
  41. ^ a b Russia Takes A Beating Over Georgia, StrategyWorld.com
  42. ^ Georgian Military Folds Under Russian Attack By David A. Fulghum, Douglas Barrie, Robert Wall and Andy Nativi, AW&ST, Aug 15, 2008
  43. ^ War Reveals Russia's Military Might and Weakness By Vladimir Isachenkov, Associated Press, 18 August 2008
  44. ^ Georgia war shows Russian army strong but flawed, Reuters, Aug 20, 2008
  45. ^ Russian Army's weaknesses exposed during war in Georgi, Nikita Petrov, RIA Novosti), 09.09.2008
  46. ^ "Yushchenko may have to answer for illegal arms sales to Georgia" (in Russian (English Translation)). Voice of Russia. 26 October 2010. http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/10/26/28616215.html. Retrieved 27 October 2010. 

Sources

Russian sources

Vestnik PVO

Video

Russian, Ukrainian, and former Soviet armoured fighting vehicles after World War II
 
Ground based